Means of Transport and Communication information - 2020

Look Around !

          There are many places of importance around us. We visit holy places like churches, mosques, gurudwaras, and many other places. We see hospitals, markets, schools, colleges, banks, shopping centers, shopping malls and multiplexes. Multiplexes are movie theatres which have many screens. Hospitals are places where there are many doctors and nurses. They look after the patients. There are factories, offices, restaurants, hotels, post offices, railway stations, airports and seaports. We buy postage stamps, postcards and envelopes at the post - office.  There are also high - rise buildings, parks, gardens, club houses, museums and monuments around us. We see bicycles, mopeds. scooters, cards, buses, auto - rickshaws and trucks on the road.

Learning Outcome : To develop observation skills.

Communication

      We communicate with others by speaking, writing, seeing, reading, and through our actions. When the school bell rings, we know that the period in class has just begun or has come to an end. In the olden days, messages were sent from place to place through pigeons. These pigeons were trained and were known as messengers birds. Messages were written on paper and tied to the legs of the pigeons. Messages were also sent through men. They would go on horseback and carry messages from one place to another.

Importance of communication in modern life : Science has helped the modern world to communicate better. A telephone is the fastest means of communication. Radio and television help us to communicate with many people at the same time. They are good sources of news and information. They broadcast or telecast a variety of programmers and help us to know the weather forecast.  They also provide us entertainment. We also communicate through letters. Postcards and airmails. Letters and parcels are carried by trains, ships or aero planes to many places both within and outside the country. Newspapers tell us what is happening around the world.  There are many more new forms of communication, which help us to communicate quickly and easily. These are e-mails. telex and fax machines. E-mails are sent through computers. Nowadays. we have mobile phones which help us to communicate even while we are on the move. Satellites also help to send messages. 

Do You know !!!!
Messages, like storm or thunder shower warnings, are announced on radio, television and in newspapers.

Transport and Communication 

 Transport and communication are a way for us humans to overcome the barrier of physical distance. It is an effective way to connect with people with no regard to the distance that separates them. Transport generally involves the  movement of people or goods forms one place to another via a means of transport. On the other hand, communication is the passing of information or data from one source to another.

Transport usually involves means of transport such as roadways, railways, air travel etc. While the examples of means of communication are email, telephones, letters etc. Both transport and communication are  complementary to each other. But they can also act like substitutes of one another. For example, if you can email the required information to a client, it eliminates the need to travel to go see him.  Both transport and communication play major roles in our development  and advancement in the last few decades. Thanks to some marvelous technological advancements that have happened in the last five decades, the quality, speed accuracy etc. of both transport and communication have been outstanding. Any developing economy like India must acutely focus on these two fields to make certain they face no difficulties in their economic and social growth and development.

Agent : A person acting as a link between a producer and a consumer. The consumers of any product are not located in one region. They are scattered over a vast area. In such situation it is difficult for the producer to reach the consumers. Therefore, it becomes necessary to have a link between the producers and consumers. The agents are this link.

Means of Transport and Communication

Centrifugal Force : A force that leads to the movement away from the center. The particles in rotating objects develop a tendency to move away from the center. Such a force which leads to outward motion in an objects is called centrifugal force.

    We have to move from place to place. If the distance is short we walk. But to go distant places, We use some means of transport.

1. In the villages bullock carts and horse carts carry people and their luggage from one place to another.
2. In the sandy areas, camels carry people and their luggage from one place to another.
3. In the cities we find many means of transport. People use cycles, motorcycles, cars, buses and autorickshaws to move from one place to another.

 To carry goods people use hand carts, tempos and trucks.

    4.To travel long distances, we use buses or trains.
      The train runs at a great speed and can carry a lot of people. Heavy loads are transported in goods trains.

Marketing Management : The finished products produced by the producers have to reach markets in order to be available to the consumers, clients, partners and the entire society. All the processes involved in taking the finished products from the production areas to the markets are covered under the term marketing management. Marketing is useful for generating clients, maintaining and satisfying them.

Automobiles    

       The motor vehicles numbers in India are actually quite underwhelming. In spite of being the second most populated nation, only around 5% of families in India have a car. But this number is steadily growing over the years at the rate of almost 10% p.a. and the effects are already seen in the congested roads of the metro cities.

Railways 

         

    India's nationalized railways are the lifeline of its transport. It has the third longest railways in the world and transport about 18 million passengers daily. It is the busiest railways in the world! The railways cover the length and breadth of the country's. Every remote location in India canto be very far from a railway station. The economical pricing and frequency of trains make it the preferred made of transport for most Indians.

Roadways          

      Next, we come to the Roadways. India has the second largest roadways in the world in terms of the length of roads. It is second only to the United States. India has very intricate patterned National Highway system. These national highways connect all major cities and towns of the country, making them the highlight of the roadways of India. At present, there are about 228 national highways in India connecting and interlinking various states and cities.

        

           These roadways are the backbone of commodity and goods transport in India. Trucks are still the most used transport vehicle especially for FMCG goods and perishable items. So the conditions and maintenance of these highways have a big impact on our economy as well.

Airways     

    India has a busy network of airports in their country, both domestic and international. But current data there are about more than 20 international airports in India. The Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi and the Chattrapati Shivaji Airport in Mumbai Handle about half of the international air traffic.    

              The country also has about 80 domestic airports. The air travel in India has seen a huge increase in the last 10 years due to the economical pricing of tickets and availability of infrastructure. The aviation industry in India is  highly regularized, but the government is looking to remedy the situation. Overall the situation looks promising for Indian air transport in the coming years.

Waterways 

            India is surrounded by the ocean on three sides, so water transport is quite prominent in India. Almost 95% of international trading in India happens via ships. There are twelve major ports in India with the Nhava Sava in Mumbai being the largest. Other than these there are about 200 minor ports throughout the coastline. India also has a sizable network of inland waterways which include canals, rivers backwaters etc. However, the use of these waterways is not utilized to its full capacity for commercial purposes. Inland waterways have some scope for development and must be looked into.

Tourism : A service occupation. Various services needed by the tourists in a region are provided as a part of this. These include lodging facilities, hospitality, transport, communication, etc. as also maintenance of tourist places.

Transport In India : India is a country of a vast population. The nearly 1,2 billion people in India means that the development and maintenance of transport and infrastructure are a humongous task for the government. In India, public transport remains the primary mode of transport for the common man.

Bedouin People : A nomadic tribe from the Arabian Desert.

Communication in India 

Telecommunication

                 The three major branches of communication in India are telephones, television broadcast and internet. India has about 1.2 billion phone subscribers as of 2017, making it the second  largest telecommunication system in the world! Due to recent innovation and a large number of users, the tariffs are also one of the lowest in the world India also has the second largest number of internet users in the world. It has about 450 million internet users, which is nearly 13.6% share of the global internet users. Recent developments since 2016 have made internet subscriptions and mobile networks very cheap. This has greatly helped with market penetration.

          Since the privatization drive of 1990, India's television industry has seen a complete overhaul. What started with only one channel, Doordarshan now is a global network of thousands and thousands of channels and platforms. Even today T.V. broadcast is believed to be the most far - reaching and penetrative source of communication, especially in the rural sectors.

Transport and Communication  of the World

    Before the invention of modern transport meads and communication systems, the world used to be an isolated place for its inhabitants. But with the invention of modern vehicles and the speed and comfort of travel improving, transportation has brought the world much closer.

      But the trouble now is the sustainable development of transport and communication. Better transport and communication facilities can help improve billions of lives around the world. Especially in the rural areas and massively underdeveloped countries (like in Central Africa), these facilities can potentially save lives.

        But the trouble we face at a global level is to develop these facilities without causing environmental harm to the planet. Do you transport accounts for almost 25% of the CO2 EMISSIONS OF THE WORLD?  Also, the facilities have to be accessible as well as affordable or they can erode the prosperity of a region. The UN and the World Bank are actively trying to bring about the necessary changes in the transport and communication of the world.

  

 Transportation :Transportation is the act or means of carrying persons or goods from one place to another. There are different means of transport. We need means of transport to go from one place to another. Many, many years ago, there were no wheels, people used to walk on foot or used camels, donkeys and horses to travel from one place to another. Logs were used to pull things on the ground.

         Then came the idea of the wheel. Transport become easier with the wheel. There were bullock carts and horse carriages.

Moving on land 

      Nowadays, people travel by trains, buses, cars, etc. to go from one place to another. Trains move on railway tracks. They stop at railway stations.

        There are diesel trains and electric trains. Buses, cars and autorickshaws move on the road. Cars for public transport are called taxis. There are motorbikes, scooters, bicycles and trucks also moving on the road. Cars autorickshaws, motorbikes, buses, trucks and scooters use petrol and diesel.

Moving on water 

      People use boats, motorboats and ships to move on water. Some ships carry goods from one place to another.

Up in the air

      People travel by Aeroplan's and helicopters also. These are the fastest means of transport. The Aeroplan lands at the airport.

Transportation of goods

          We use hand carts, trucks, tempos, goods trains, ships and planes to transport goods from one place to another.

Transport For Public Service

         Fire engines, ambulances and garbage vans are all useful to us.   

    

Means of Transport : We used different means and modes of transport at different times in history. The means of transport we use nowadays are faster and safer than the older ones. The invention of the wheel is an important step in the progress of mankind. Even if the modern means of transport have been invented in modern times, in some parts of world, men and animals are still used for the purpose of transport. Pipes are used to transport the substances like water and gas.

Communication means : Obtaining or sending various types of information is called communication. A few centuries ago, messages were sent by tying a letter to the foot of a pigeon. In later times. telegrams and the postal services came into use. Nowadays we use radio, television, internet, newspapers, mobile phones, etc. for communication. In the beginning , man used gestures ad facial expressions and different kinds of sounds to communicate. Later, the language was developed and man started communicating by using language. After spoken language, man invented writing and man started communicating with the written language. Carving was also used as a mean of communication. Like man, animals such as cats, dogs, sparrows and cows make different sounds to communicate different messages.

Are We Endangering our Environment?

         The Progress made by human being : Man is the most intelligent animals. He makes use of his intelligence to make his life more comfortable. About 150 years ago researchers found out how to use mineral oil. Men then invented many vehicles that would run on fuel. Man also developed the railway engine that would run on coal. Previously, animals were used for transportation. Now, we use modern means of transport that help to save both time and labor. The things we need to satisfy our various wants are obtained from forests, farms, mines and factories. Sometimes, waste water from factories is let into rivers. This has an adverse effect on the environment. This further has ill-effects on all living things.

Growth in population : In the last sixty years, the population of our country has tripled. So demand for all goods and services is growing fast. People from the villages are migrating to cities in search of employment. This has made the cities overcrowded. Cities are experiencing the problem of shortage of water and houses. There used to be open spaces and fields around the cities. To build new colonies in cities, trees there had to be cut down. In cities, one has to travel long distances to get to work. Therefore, some people in cities use vehicles that run on fuels. These vehicles spew out smoke as they are driven around . This increases the air pollution in cities. Due to air pollution, some people suffer from breathing problems. Due to cutting down of trees, birds do not find places to build their nests. So, now there are fewer and fewer birds noticed in cities. Sometimes, drainage system in cities fails. Then water collects in the midst of living areas. Mosquitoes grow in it. They spread diseases like malaria, dengue, filaria, chikungunya, etc.

Ground water is drying up : Water is an important need of all living beings. We need water for keeping ourselves and our houses clean. Water is also needed for cooking, farming industry and construction. As the rainy season ends, the water in rivers decrease. Many Villages face problem of scarcity of water. The population keeps growing The rainfall however, remains the same, So we face problem of shortage of water. Now, the use of pumps to life the groundwater has become widespread. Populating growth has also created a problem of shortage of food. Nowadays three crops are grown per year. This has increased the production of crops. However, this has reduced the stock of groundwater. 

Traditional Methods of drawing Water : We experience scarcity of water after the rains . Rainwater that has seeped into the ground is used in summer and winter. Wells and borewells are constructed to use seeped rainwater. In the Maharashtra [ kk] region, in most of the villages, a horizontal beam is placed over the mouth of the well. It supports a large wooden wheel which turns around. This wheel is called rahat. A chain of several pots [gadge] is fixed on the rahat. As the rahat turns, each gadge gets filled up, comes up and turns over and the water gets poured into a channel. This traditional method of drawing water is known as 'rahat-gadge'. A most is a large leather bag. It is lowered into the water at the end of a rope. When it is full, it is lifted out of the well. Bullocks move to and from on a ramp to lower the mot and life it. Nowadays mot is used in very few places in Maharashtra.

Transport : >< :

        You will see that walking takes the most time and you have to put in labour to carry your own things. Using a vehicle saves time and effort. You must have also realized that we need to use fuels in automobiles. This causes air and noise pollution. It means that different modes of transport have different advantages and disadvantages. In today's high speed world we have to depend on several modes of travel and transportation of good. Modern means of transport have many advantages.

• Work gets done sooner.
• Time and effort are saved.
• Trade is facilitated.
• Different parts of the world are now connected due to transport facilities.
• The transport of good even on a global level has become simple and easy.
• As so many things are easily available, the lifestyle of people has improved.
•  The facilities of tourers, health, education etc. have become speedier. 

Due to the various means of transport, the world has come closer.

        You must have realized that there is constant traffic on busy roads. Due to the burning of fuel in the vehicles they constantly emit smoke and some poisonous gases. These gases mainly include carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and Sulphur dioxide. Similarly, minute particles of carbon and lead are also released into he air. An excess of these substances lowers the quality of air in the environment. This is what we call air pollution. Air pollution affects animals and plants in the following ways :

• Trachea, lung and eye disorders, e.g. burning of the eyes.
• The leaves of plants shrivel up and fall. Sprouts get scorched. The growth and development of plants is affected adversely.
• Constant traffic through forest areas can harm the habitat of plants and animals living there. The wild animals in these forests begin to migrate elsewhere.
• The constant sounds of vehicles create noise on a large scale. It causes ill effects such as restlessness, irritability, headaches, lack of concentration, psychological disorders. etc.
• If there are traffic jams, air and noise pollution in that area increases. Traffic accidents cause injuries', deaths and damage to the vehicles.

        we realize that we should cultivate habits such as walking short distances or riding a bicycle for slightly longer distances. In this way, we can avoid the use of fuel - burning vehicles and reduce pollution. At other times, using public or private transport can save time and effort. In this way. we can reduce the severity of the harmful effects of transportation. The following are some more remedies for reducing 

pollution.

1. Using fuels that cause less pollution.
2. Timely maintenance and repair of vehicles.
3. Using public transport as far as possible.
4. Using private vehicles only when necessary.
5. Planting trees, especially indigenous or local varieties like banyan, peepul, neem, Karanj, etc. and caring for them. These tress adapt easily to the local environment and help in enhancing biodiversity.
6. Avoiding fuels that cause pollution ; using fuels such as LPG or CNG for vehicles.

Always Remember - Our environment is sensitive. That is why, pollution has destructive effects on it. These effects are harmful for all living things, including us. It is very necessary to prevent pollution. In these modern times, we use cars, ships and Aeroplan's that run on fuel. In the olden days, ships did not use such engineers. They had sails which helped to use the force of the wind. They were called sailing ships. In those days, people travelled all over the world on these ships.

Advantages Of Using A Bicycle

1. Physical exercise
2. Small loads can also be carried 
3. Does not cause pollution
4. Self - reliance
5. Saves time
6. Can be stored in a small space
7. Saves money
8. Less crowding of vehicles on the streets

Communication and Mass Media

           Artificial satellites are used in modern methods of communication. The signals are delivered very quickly from one point to another. For example. We can watch the live telecast of any event going on in any part of the world, for example, football or cricket matches. With the help of mobile phones, we can directly talk to people in other countries.

In India, we use artificial satellites for communication. These satellites are called the Indian National Satellites (INSAT).

           We can understand a person's feelings by looking at the expression on their face. The expression on a person's face and other gestures communicate a message to us. We receive messages or information through communication. The exchange of information is called communication. Information broadcast is also a part of communication. Information is useful for constructing knowledge.

Advantages of telecommunication and mass media

• We can easily contact people far away from us.
• The time and effort spent in exchanging information can be saved.
• They help to raise awareness about issues such the environmental balance, gender equality and cleanliness.
• People can be forewarned about natural disasters like storms, tsunamis, floods, etc.
• They build awareness about health, educational facilities, good things happening in society, etc.
• They help in successful implementation of government schemes launched for the benefit of people.
• Awareness can be raised about matters related to food, clothes, shelter, education and health, This improves people's way of life.
• Mass media help in the expansion of trade and industry.

Disadvantages of telecommunication devices

1. Excessive use of the television, computer, or mobile phones causes disorders of the eyes, ears and back. Psychological disorders and isolation, etc. are also possible.
2. We get all sorts of information through television channels and the internet. There are instances of this information being misused to disturb the peace and order in society.
3. Time spent on watching television leads to the neglects of outdoor sports and physical fitness. This has an adverse effect on physical health.

Always Remember - Telecommunication devices should be used properly and sensibly. We must be careful not to use them excessively.

Audio - visual communication - We cannot see each other when we talk on the telephone. <br /><br /></form>

top a tree - 2020

A Tree

    A tree is a tall plant with a trunk and branches made of wood, A single tree has many roots. The roots carry nutrients and water from the ground through the trunk and branches to the leaves of the tree. They can also breathe in air.

      A tree is a tall plant with a trunk and branches made of wood. Tress Can live for many years. The oldest tree ever discovered is approximately 5,000 years old and the oldest tree the from the UK is about 1,000. The four main parts of a tree are the roots, the trunk the branches, and the leaves. The roots of a tree are usually under the ground. However, this is not always true. The roots of the mangrove tree are often under water. A single tree has many roots. The roots carry nutrients and water from the ground through the trunk and branches to the leaves of the tree. They Can also breathe in air. Sometime, roots are specialized into aerial roots, Which can also provide support, as is the case with the banyan tree.

     The trunk is the main body of the tree. The trunk is covered with bark which protects it from damage. Branches grow from the trunk. They spread out so that the leaves can get more sunlight.                                                                                                            The leaves of a tree are green most of the time, but they can come in many colors, shapes and sizes. The leaves take in sunlight and use water and food from the roots to make the tree grow, and to reproduce.  

    Trees and shrubs take in water and carbon dioxide and give out oxygen with sunlight to from sugars. This is the opposite of what animals do in respiration. Plants also do some respiration using oxygen the way animals do. They need oxygen as well as carbon dioxide to live. Trees are renewable resources because, if cut down, other tree can grow in their place.  

A leaf (plural leaves) is the principal lateral appendage of the vascular plant stem, usually borne above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. The leaves, stem flower and fruit together form the shoot system. leaves are collective referred to as foliage, as in "autumn foliage." in most leaves the primary photosynthetic tissue, the palisade mesophyll, is located on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf but in some species, including the mature foliage of Eucalyptus, Palisade mesophyll is present on both sides and the leaves are said to be isobilateral. Most leaves are flattened and have distinct upper [adaxial] and lower [abaxial] surfaces that differ in color, hairiness, the number of stomata [pores that intake and output gases, the amount and structure of epicuticular wax and other features. Leaves are mostly green in color due to the presence of a compound called chlorophyll that is essential for photosynthesis as it absorbs light energy from the sun. A leaf with lighter-colored or white patches or edges is called a variegated leaf.

     Grasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses [poaceae]. However, sedge [Cyperaceae] and rush [juncaceae] can also be found along with variable proportions of legumes, like clover, and other herbs. Grasslands occur naturally on all continents except Antarctica and are found in most ecoregions of the Earth. Furthermore, grasslands are one of the largest biomes on earth and dominate the landscape worldwide. They cover 31-43% of the Earth's land area There are different types of grasslands: natural grasslands, semi-natural grasslands, and agricultural grasslands.

        Grasslands cover around 3.5 billion hectares globally, representing 26-40 percent of Earth's total terrestrial area.

        The term grassland agriculture is a familiar one in a number of  European countries but perhaps not as familiar in the United States. What do we mean by the term grassland agriculture?

       The American Forage & Grassland Council defines grassland agriculture simply as:. "the proper use of grass in agriculture" [American Forage & Grasslands Council, 1959. American Forage & Grassland Council, Its History, Plans and Objectives, State College, Pa.]]]]]] 

       In actual practice, grassland agriculture includes the proper use of legumes as well as grasses. Grasses and/or grass/legume mixtures are used to feed livestock, support wildlife, and to maintain land resources in good condition. Grasslands occupy about one-half the total land are in the contiguous 48 states and therefore deserve attention and proper utilization by everyone concerned with good stewardship of the earth.

    Sunlight 1: Sunlight is the light and energy that comes from the Sun. When this energy reaches the earth's surface, it is called insolation. What we experience as sunlight is actually solar radiation. It is the radiation and heat from the Sun in the from of electromagnetic waves.

     The atmosphere affects the amount of solar radiation received. When solar radiation travels through the atmosphere, some of it is absorbed by the atmosphere [16%]. Some of it is scattered to space [6%] Some of it is reflected by clouds [28%] about [47%] of it reaches the Earth's surface.

       Without sunlight, there could not be life on the Earth Plants need sunlight for the process of photosynthesis. During photosynthesis the plants use the energy of the sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide, to create glucose [sugar]. The glucose can later be used by the plant for energy or animals eat the plant and the glucose in it. Plants need sunlight to grow green. Without enough sunlight but with enough water, the plant grow very tall very quickly, but looks yellow and dehydrated, although when touched, the leaves are very moist.

        Solar radiation can be both good and bad for a person's health. When in the light, the human body uses the ultraviolet part of sunlight to make its own Vitamin D. without sunscreen too much ultraviolet light can cause sunburn and skin cancer. sun angle makes difference in season on Earth as well as in the length of day and night. A high angle makes the tropics hot, and a low angle makes the arctic cold.

         Sunlight 2: Sunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun, in particular infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light. On Earth, sunlight is scatter and filtered through Earth's atmosphere, and is obvious as daylight when the sun is above the horizon. When direct solar radiation is not blocked by clouds, it is experienced as sunshine, a combination of bright light and radiant heat. When blocked by clouds or reflected off other objects sunlight is diffused. Sources indicate an "Average over the entire earth" of " 164 watts per square meter over a 24-hour day" 

• The ultraviolet radiation in sunlight has both positive and negative health effects, as it is both a requisite for vitamin D3 Synthesis and a mutagen.
• Sunlight takes about 8.3 minutes to reach Earth from the surface of the sun. A photon starting at the center of the Sun and changing direction every time it encounters a charged particle would take between 10.000 and 170,000 years to get to the surface.

     Sunlight is a key factor in photosynthesis, the process used by plants and other autotrophic organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to synthesize carbohydrates and to fuel the organisms activities.

        A Forest is a piece of land with many trees. Many animals need forests to live and survive. Forests are very important and grow in many places around the world. They are an ecosystem which includes many plants and animals.                                                                                                    Temperature and rainfall are the two most important things for forests. Many places are too cold or too dry for them. Forests can exist from the equator to near the polar regions, but different climates have different kinds of forests. In cold climates conifers dominate, but in temperate Zone and tropical climates forests are mainly made up of flowering plants. Different rainfall also makes different kinds of forest. No forests exist in deserts, just a few trees in places where their roots can get at some underground water.

           A Forest is an area of land dominated by trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as trees density, tree height, land use, legal standing and ecological function. The Food and Agriculture Organization defines a forest as land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. Using this definition FRA 2020 found that forests covered 4.06 billion hectares or approximately 31 percent of the global land area in 2020. 

          Forests are the predominant terrestrial ecosystem of Earth, and are distributed around the globe. More than half of the world's forests are found in only five countries [Brazil, Canada, China, Russian Federation and united Stated of America]. The largest part of the forest [45 percent] is found in the tropical dominion [Tropical forests] followed by the boreal, temperate and subtropical domains. 

      Forests at different latitudes and  and with different precipitation and evapotranspiration form distinctly different biomes: boreal forests around the North Pole, tropical moist forests and tropical dry forests around the Equator, and temperate forests at the middle latitudes. Higher elevation areas tend to support forests similar to those at higher latitudes, and amount of precipitation also affects forest composition.

           Forests account for 75% of the gross primary production of the Earth's biosphere, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass. Net primary production is estimated at 21.9 gigatons carbon per year for tropical forests, 8.1 for temperate forests, and 2.6 for boreal forests. 

        Almost half the forest area [49 percent] is relatively, intact, while 9 percent is found in fragments with little or no connectivity. Tropical rainforests and boreal coniferous forests are the least fragmented, whereas subtropical dry forest and temperate oceanic forests are among the most fragmented. Roughly 80 percent of the world's forest area is found in patches larger than 1 million hectares. The remaining 20 percent is located in more than 34 million patches across the world - the vast majority less than 1 000 hectares in size.

            Human society and forests influence each other in both positive and negative ways. Forests provide ecosystem services to humans and serve as tourist attractions. Forests can also affect people's health. Human activities, including unsustainable use of forest resources, can negatively affect forest ecosystems.

          [[[[[[ When plants grow they sequester atmospheric carbon in their tissues via the process of photosynthesis. Because forests are full of large trees and other plants, they store massive amounts of carbon. But when they are burned or chopped down, much of that carbon is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases [nitrous oxide, methane, and other nitrogen oxides]. The clearing and burning of tropical forests and peatlands accounts for about 10 percent of greenhouse gases from human activities. Therefore forest protection and restoration are critical to slowing climate change. By one estimate, published in 2015 in the scientific journal Nature, tropical forests alone could meet half the 2050 target for reducing carbon emissions. but forests do much more than lock up carbon: they moderate local temperatures, play an important role in maintaining rainfall and weather patterns through transpiration , reduce erosion and run-off into rivers, stem drought and flood cycles, and provide critical habitat for millions of species.]]]]]]

Our forests            

 Our forests are important Sources of natural Wealth, Covering One-fifth of                                                                                                   country's land area. They supply the timber for the railways, buildings and furniture making. They also supply the fuel for cooking and the bamboo for paper-making. Medicinal herbs also come from the forests.  

         In  the olden days, our Wiseman and philosophers had their ashrams in the forests. These ashrams were centers of  knowledge and learning. Those sages had done an excellent job of maintaining our forests. So we had wonderful forests. 

       Unfortunately, forests were ruthlessly cut down in the past few years. While the forests are disappearing, the demand for timber is growing. We must, therefore, protect and develop our forests. van Mahotsav  is an important step in this direction. It is observed for a week in July every year. During this week, lakhs of saplings are planted throughout the country. This is being done to restore our fast disappearing forests. 

           Still, deforestation poses a serious threat to forests on the earth. Deforestation causes soil erosion, sudden floods and global warming.                               

 Protect our forests

              The source of our natural wealth is forest Which covers country's one-fifth of land. They supply timber for railways, buildings and furniture making and also are used as fuel, paper making and medicine. The sages in ancient days maintained the forests. But now people cut down the trees for various reasons. So 'van Mahotsav' is arranged  for a week in the month of July to make aware the people the importance of forests and to protect them. Deforestation causes soil erosion, sudden floods and global warming. So we must protect our forests.                        

A Step towards protection of forests 

        To stop the ruthless cutting of trees in the Himalayas, a unique movement  - chipko was started. The word chipko means to 'hug' or to 'embrace' in Hindi. The movement derived its name from the dramatic circumstances in which it  was born.

           In March 1973, when tree fellers arrived in Mandal village of Uttar pradesh to cut trees, they found that hundreds of women had gathered there. They protested the tree-felling and clung to the trees literally embracing them to save them from the axes. The non-violent protest worked and the trees were saved. From that day chipko has become an important word in the dictionary of environmentalists the world over. 

            The movement got a big push when sunderlal Bahuguna, an environmental activist of Tehri actively supported it. He and his volunteers travelled on foot from village to village to educate  and involved the local people on the urgent need of forest conservation. "Our blue-print is not only for the saving of the trees but for the survival of mankind, "said Bahuguna.

       Similar to the chipko movement is the Appico [meaning 'to hug' in Kannada] movement started in karnataka. The movements motivated many other activists to fight against tree-felling.

 Chipko Movement - A step towards protection of  forests 

           When the people in the Himalayas realized the trees are cut down unnecessarily they hugged the trees and risked their lives to save them. The incident in Mandal village in Uttar pradesh was an eye-opener for all of us. The women stopped the tree fellers by hugging the trees. It was a good initiative taken by the women to save trees and protect forest risking their own lives. Sunderlal Bahuguna an environmental activist of Tehri supported the movement. Along with his activists he travelled from village to village to counsel the villagers about the importance of forest and bad effects of  tree felling on environment. Thus the movement spread all over and even it reached karnataka. It motivated many volunteers to stand against the tree fellers.

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           Adopt a tree today! 

    The world  needs more trees!  Trees do many things for us. Trees give us oxygen, they clean the air by removing the main greenhouse gases-carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide; they help to reduce pollution, they stop soil erosion and flooding and they provide us with many important things such as food, shelter and medicine.

     Trees also play a very important part in the biological diversity of the planet and they are beautiful. The Adopt a tree campaign was started by WWF India in 2005 with the mission of encouraging people to plant species that are native to India to stop them from disappearing.

    Since its launch, the campaign has given all citizens an opportunity to nurture a tree to life. We encourage individuals, communities, companies, schools and other organizations to involve themselves in this campaign. Adopt a tree today because  nurturing a tree is like nurturing a friend for life.

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Trees and Prevention of Pollution

        We are all aware of the rising levels of pollution. Indiscriminate cutting of trees, rising number of vehicles and gases and waste liquids released from factories are major causes of pollution. 

          I Wish to draw your attention to the role played by trees in preventing pollution. Trees help to decrease the poisonous gases in the air. They hold the soil together and prevent soil erosion. As a result, soil retains its fertility. The retention of flowing water helps in maintaining the level of ground water. Trees are also home to many birds and animals. So it is our duty to plant more trees and take good care of them. 

         I urge all of you to join in today's tree plantation Programmers and to hold such programmers in your localities as well. Don't Forget to celebrate Van Mahotsav a every year. Remember : Trees are our lungs. Without trees, all forms of life will die. Without trees, We too will die.

                       Trees - Our Best Friends

       Trees are man's  best friends. Many Indians Worship trees as gods. Trees are of great value to all living beings. The different parts of trees are useful to man in various ways. They add to our Wealth and protect us. 

         Trees give is wood, flowers, fruits, nuts, gums and so many other products. They provide the right environment for human beings, animals and birds. The deep roots of trees help to bind the soil together and prevent soil erosion. Trees attract rain and keep the air around us cool and fresh. The leaves of trees give out valuable oxygen. So, the felling of trees is very harmful to mankind.

      As the human population increased, people cut down trees for firewood and for Creating space for farming settling and constructing buildings. They felled trees thoughtlessly. Everyone should release the need to protect, save and grow more trees .we must remember the ' Chipko Movement ' in Garhwal (Uttar Pradesh )  under the leadership of Sundarlal Bahuguna. Even many years ago, the 'Bishnoi' tribe of Rajasthan Protected the trees from axes by hugging the trees and welcoming death. we, too, must fight against the felling of trees. 

     The greenery of trees soothes not only our eyes but also our minds. Trees are God's great gift to man. We must preserve them for our own survival. Harming tress is harming ourselves. We must plant and grow more trees for our own bright future.

The shape and the height of the stem :

Tree : Grow tall. Have hard and strong trunk. Branches strong and spreading. Have fruits and flowers. Perennial e.g. Mango, Tamarind. Banyan.

Shrub : Grow close to the ground. Less height (2 to 3 m.) , small size Thick and hard stem e.g. Oleander, Hibiscus.

Herb : Less height (1 to 1.5 m.) grow only for few months or up to 2 years. Green and flexible stem, e.g. periwinkle and fenugreek.

Creeper : Very flexible, soft and green stem. Rapid growth with the help of support. Aerial roots or tendrils are the organs for support. Some grow in the vertical direction while some spread horizontally.

 Some characteristics of creepers :

         The creepers have very flexible and green stem. It is soft and thus cannot give support to the plant on its own. The creepers therefore take the support of the nearby objects. Creepers have aerial roots, (eg. Money plants) or spring like tendrils (e.g. Cucumber) for such support. Some creepers spread horizontally on the ground.

A tree and A shrub :

A tree :1) A tree grows tall. 2) A tree is large in size. 3)Trees are perennial. 4) Trees give out branches at some height. e.g. Mango, jackfruit, Neem.

A shrub : 1) A shrub does not grow tall. 2) A shrub is small in size. 3) Shrubs are annual or biennial. 4)Shrubs give out branches very close to the ground level. e.g. Oleander, Lantana.

  

Winter the season 2020

          The Winter Coldest season

         winter is the coldest season of the year in polar and temperate zones; it does not occur in most of the tropical zone. It occurs after autumn and before spring in each year. Winter or caused by the axis of the Earth in that hemisphere being oriented away from the sun. Different cultures define different dates as the start of winter, and some use a definition based on weather. When it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere, it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa. In many regions, winter is associated with snow and freezing temperatures. The moment of winter solstice is when the Sun's elevation with respect to the North or South Pole is at its most negative value (that is, the Sun is at its farthest below the horizon as measured Form the pole). The day on which this occurs has the shorted day and the longest night, with day length increasing and night length decreasing as the season progresses after the solstice. The earliest sunset and latest sunrise dates outside the polar regions differ from the date of  the winter solstice, however, and these depend on latitude, due to the variation in the solar day throughout the year cursed by the Earth's elliptical orbit ( see earliest and latest sunrise and sunset). During winter in either hemisphere, the lower altitude of the Sun causes the sunlight to hit the Earth at an oblique angle. Thus a lower amount of solar radiation strikes the Earth per unit of  surface area. Furthermore, the light must travel a longer distance through the atmosphere, allowing the atmosphere to dissipate more heat. Compared with these effects, the effect of the changes in the distance of the Earth from the Sun (due to the Earth's elliptical orbit) is negligible.

         The manifestation of the meteorological winter (freezing temperatures) in the northerly snow-prone latitudes is highly variable depending on elevation, position versus marine winds and the amount of precipitation. For instance, within Canada (a country of cold winter), Winnipeg on the Great Plains, a long way from the ocean, has a January high of - 11.3 ▫C (11.7 ▫F) and a low of -21.4  ▫C (-6.5 ▫F) . In comparison, Vancouver on the west coast with a marine influence from moderating Pacific winds has a January low of 1.4 ▫C (34.5 ▫F)  with days well above freeing at 6.9 ▫C (44.4 ▫F) . Both places are at 49  ▫N latitude, and in the same western half of the continent. A similar but less extreme effect is found in Europe:  in spite of their northerly latitude, the British isles have not a single non-mountain weather station with a below - freezing mean January temperature. Meteorological reckoning is the method of measuring the winter season used by meteorologists based on "sensible weather patterns" for record keeping purposes, so the start of meteorological winter varies with latitude. Winter is often defined by meteorologist to be the three calendar months with the lowest average temperatures. This corresponds to the months of December, January and February in the Northern Hemisphere, and June, July and August in the Southern Hemisphere. The coldest average temperatures of the season are typically experienced in January or February in the Northern Hemisphere and in June, July or August in the Southern Hemisphere. Nighttime predominates in the winter season, and in some regions winter has the highest rate of precipitation as well as prolonged dampness because of permanent snow cover or high precipitation rates coupled with low temperatures, precluding evaporation. Blizzards often develop and cause many transportation delays . Diamond dust, also known as ice needles or ice crystals, forms at temperatures approaching - 40 ▫C (- 40 ▫F ) due to air with slightly higher moisture from above mixing with colder, surface- based air. They are made of simple hexagonal ice crystals. The Swedish meteorological institute (SMHI) defines thermal winter as when the daily mean temperatures are below 0 ▫C (32 ▫F) For five consecutive days. According to the SMHI, winter in Scandinavia is more pronounced when Atlantic low-pressure systems take more southerly and northerly routes, leaving the path open for high -pressure systems to come in and cold temperatures to occur. As a result, the coldest January on record in Stockholm, in 1987, was also the sunniest.

  Astronomical and other calendar - based reckoning

          In the Northern Hemisphere, some authorities define the period of winter based on astronomical fixed points astronomical fixed points (i.e. based solely on the position of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun), regardless of weather conditions. In one version of this definition, winter begins at the winter solstice and ends at the March equinox. These  dates are somewhat later then those used to define  the beginning and end of the meteorological winter - usually considered to span the entirety of December, January, and February in the Northern Hemisphere and  June, July, and August in the Southern.

          Astronomically, the winter solstice, being the day of the year which has fewest hours of daylight, ought to be in the middle of the season, but seasonal lag means that the coldest period normally follows the solstice by a few weeks. In some cultures, the season is regarded as beginning at the solstice and ending on the following equinox - in the Northern Hemisphere, depending on the year, this corresponds to the period between 20, 21 or 22 December and 19, 20 or 21 March.

        In the United Kingdom, meteorologists consider winter to be the three coldest months of December, January and February. In Scandinavia, winter in one tradition begins on 14 October and ends on the last day of February. In Russia, calendar winter is widely regarded to start on 1 December and end on 28  February. In many countries in the Southern Hemisphere including Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, winter begins on 1 June and ends on 31 August. In Celtic nations such as Ireland (Using the Irish calendar) and in Scandinavia, the winter solstice is traditionally considered as midwinter, with the winter season beginning 1 November, on All Hallows, or Samhain. winter ends and spring begins on Imbolc, or Candlemas, which is 1 or 2 February. This system of seasons is based on the length of days exclusively. (The three-month period of the shortest days and weakest solar radiation occurs during November, December and January in the Northern Hemisphere and May, June and July in the Southern Hemisphere.)

Exceptionally cold winters harbor

• 1683 - 1684, "The Great Frost", When the Thames, hosting the River Thames Frost fairs, was frozen all the way up the London Bridge and remained frozen for about two months. Ice was about 27 cm (11 in ) thick in London and about 120 cm (47 in) thick in Somerset. The sea froze up to 2 miles (3.2 km) out around the coast of the southern North Sea, causing severe problems for shipping and preventing use of many harbor.
• 1739 - 1740, One of the most severe winters in the UK ON RECORD. The Thames remained frozen over for about 8 weeks. The Irish famine of 1740 -1741 claimed the lives of at least 300,000 people.
• 1816 was the Year Without a Summer in the Northern Hemisphere. The unusual coolness of the winter of 1815 - 1816 and of the following summer was primarily due to the eruption of Mount Tambura in Indonesia, in April 1815.  There were secondary effects from an unknown eruption or eruptions around 1810, and several smaller eruptions around the world between 1812 and 1814. The cumulative effects were worldwide but were especially strong in the Eastern United States, Atlantic Canada, and Northern Europe. Frost formed in May in New England, Killing many newly planted crops, and the summer never recovered. Snow fell in New York and Maine in June, and ice formed in lakes and rivers in July and August. In the UK, snow drifts remained on hills until late July, and the Thames froze in September. Agricultural crops failed and livestock died in much of the Northern Hemisphere, resulting died in much of the Northern Hemisphere, resulting in food shortages and the worst famine of the 19th century.

 Other historically significant winters 

1. 1779 - 1780. Scotland's coldest winter on record, and ice surrounded ice land in every direction (like in the 1690s). In the United States, a record five - week cold spell bottomed out at - 20 ؐؑؐ 0 F ( - 29  0 c) at Hartford, Connecticut, and - 16 ▫F ( -27 ▫C ) in New York City. Hudson River and New York's harbor froze over.
2.  1783 - 1786, the Thames partially froze, and snow remained on the ground  for months. In February 1784, the North Carolina was frozen in Chesapeake Bay.
3. 1794 - 1795, severe winter, with the coldest January in the UK and lowest temperature ever recorded in London: - 21 ▫C (-6 ▫F ) on 25 January. The cold began on Christmas Eve and lasted until late March, with a few temporary warm - ups. The Severn and Thames froze, and frost fairs started up again. The French army tried to invade the Netherlands over its frozen rivers, while the Dutch fleet was stuck in its harbor. The winter had easterlies (from Siberia) as its dominant feature. 
4. 1813 - 1814, severe cold, last freeze - over of Thames, and last frost fair. (Removal of old London Bridge and changes to river's banks made freeze - overs less likely.)
5. 1883 - 1888, colder temperatures worldwide, including an unbroken string of abnormally cold and brutal winters in the Upper Midwest, related to the explosion of Krakatoa in August 1883. There was snow recorded in the UK as early as October and as late as July during this time period. 
6. 1976  - 1977, One of the coldest winters in the US in decades. 
7. 1985, Arctic outbreak in US resulting from shift in polar vortex, with many cold temperature records broken. 
8. 2002 -2003 was an unusually cold winter in the Northern and Easters US. 
9. 2010 - 2011, PERSISTENT BITTER COLD IN THE entire eastern half of the US from December onward, with few or no mid - winter warm - ups, and with cool conditions continuing into spring. La Nina and negative Arctic oscillation were strong factors. Heavy and persistent precipitation contributed to almost constant snow cover in the Northeastern US which finally receded in early May.
10. 2011 was one of the coldest on record in New Zealand with sea level snow falling in Wellington in July for the first time in 35 years and a much heavier snowstorm for 3 days in a row in August.

Air : The air in winter is cold and dry. Sometimes when there is a cold wave then it is very cold. To protect ourselves from cold we light bonfires. In the winter season the skin becomes dry and rough.

About air pressure.

1) Air has weight. As a result, it creates pressure. It is called air pressure. 2) The lowermost layers of air get subjected to the pressure of the upper layer. Hence the density of the lower layers of air increases. 3) There is greater air pressure near the surface of the earth and it decreases with increasing height. This is vertical air pressure. 4) Temperature zones leads to changes in air pressure. These changes occur in a horizontal manner. This gives rise to winds. Air has weight and any object or material having weight exerts pressure on the thing / material that lies below it. Air exerts pressure on the lower of layers of atmosphere and the earth's surface. Air pressure is measured in millibars. The air pressure at the sea level is 1013.2 mb.

Pressure Belts and Winds :

1) The equatorial region receives perpendicular sunrays. As a result, this region gets more heat. On the other hand, polar regions receive extremely slanted sunrays. As a result, these regions get less heat. 2) This differential heating creates imbalance in the temperature of air in different parts. This in turn leads to formation of belts of high and low pressure on the earth. 3) Winds blow due to pressure differences in these belts. These winds are called planetary Winds.

Barometer: An instrument used to measure air pressure. Air pressure is measured in millibars. There are different types of barometers in use. In some barometers, vacuum boxes called aneroid are used. Air pressure suppresses the aneroid and this pressure is expressed on a plate with markings by an indicator.

About pressure belts:

1) The equatorial region receives perpendicular sunrays. As a result, this region gets more heat, On the other hand, polar regions receive extremely slanted sunrays. As a result, these regions get less heat. 2) This differential heating creates imbalance in the temperature of air in different parts. This in turn leads to formation of belts of high and low pressure on the earth. 3) Winds blow due to pressure differences in these belts. These winds are called Planetary Winds.

 

 Air is a mixture of about 78% of nitrogen, 21% of oxygen, 0.9% of argon, 0.04% of carbon dioxide, and very small amounts of other gases. There is an average of about 1% water vapor.

       Animals live and need to breathe the oxygen in the air. In breathing, the lungs put oxygen into the blood, and send back carbon dioxide to the air. Plants need the carbon dioxide in the air live. They give  off the oxygen that we breathe. without it we die of asphyxia.

     Wind is moving air,  this is refreshing. This causes weather.

     Air can be polluted by some gases (such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides), smoke, and ash This air pollution causes various problems including smog, acid rain and global warming. It can damage people's health and the environment.

          Since early times, air has been used to create technology. Ships moved with sails and windmills used the mechanical motion of air. Aircraft use propellers to move air over a wing, which allows them to fly Pneumatics use air pressure to move things. Since the late 1900s, air power is also used to generate electricity.

Doldrums : The belt extending from 5• N to 5• S parallels. As the temperatures in this belt are high, the heated air starts ascent. This gives rise to a low pressure belt. Winds in this zone are not very effective and hence this region becomes a region of calm and it is called doldrums.

         Air is invisible: it cannot be seen by the eye, though a shimmering in hot air can be seen.

Isobars : Lines joining the places of equal air pressure on the map. Isobars show the distribution of air pressure in the atmosphere.

     Food : During the winter season the body needs foods that will give a lot of warmth. So we eat sweets, fried foods, groundnuts, sesame which provide a lot of oil. These days we also eat a lot of carrot halwa,(A Sweet Indian dish Consisting of Carrots or Semolina boiled with milk, Almonds, Sugar, butter, and Cardamom.) bhakri (Roti) made of bajra,(Millet) brinjals, gum laddus, ginger balls, dates, almonds, sesame and gur (jaggery).

Protective clothes : To bring warmth to the body people  use warm woolens clothes like sweaters, shawls, blankets, caps, mufflers. All these clothes protect the body from cold.

Woolens : Of or relating to the Production of wool.

"These organic sources were supplemented by wind and water, which powered mills to grind corn or crush seeds, to power fulling mills in the woolen industry and bellows in iron furnace."

          An Article of Clothing made of wool.

"The light clothes which will do for summer need to be changed for serious woolens, hoods and gloves for the freezing winds of winter."

( We feel cool and fresh in winter. Sometimes it is very cold. We wear thick woolen clothes to keep ourselves warm. We enjoy hot drinks and hot food. We like to sit around a fire. )

         Winter is the coldest season of the year in polar and temperate zones; it does not occur in most of the tropical zone. It occurs after autumn and before spring in each year. Winter is caused by the axis of the Earth in that hemisphere being oriented away from the Sun. Different cultures define different dates as the start of winter, and some use a definition based on weather. When it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere, it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa. In many regions, winter is associated with snow and freezing temperatures. The moment of winter solstice is when the Sun elevation with respect to the North or South Pole is at its most negative value (that, is, the Sun is at its farthest below the horizon as measured from the pole.) The day on which this occurs has the shortest day and the longest night, with day length increasing and night length decreasing as the season progresses after the solstice. 

     The earliest sunset and latest sunrise dates outside the polar regions differ from the date of the winter solstice, however, and these depends on latitude, due to the variation in the solar day throughout the year caused by the Earth's elliptical orbit (see earliest and latest sunrise and sunset)

Winter: Coldest season of the year, between autumn and spring; the name comes from an old Germanic word that means  "time of water" and refers to the rain and snow of  Winter in middle and high latitudes. In the Northers Hemisphere it is commonly regarded as extending from the winter solstice (year's shortest day). December 21 or 22, to the vernal equinox (day and night equal in length). March 20 or 21, and in the Southern Hemisphere from June 21 or 22 to September 22 or 23. The low temperatures associated with winter occur only in middle and high latitudes; in equatorial regions, temperatures are almost uniformly high throughout the year. For physical causes of the seasons, see season. 

• The kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia take the names of their ancestors at the beginning of winter. They believe it will protect them from bad spirits.
• In Japan, people do the traditional hot bath with citrus fruits, known as yuzu. They believed that it is a great way to welcome the winter and protect them from colds.
• In the Northern Hemisphere. winter months include December, January, and February, while in the Southern Hemisphere, winter falls in June, July, and August.
• Equinoxes are the two days of the year when the night and day are the same length and the sun's path cross with the celestial equator (a projection of the Earth's equator into the sky.) The vernal (spring) Equinox happens in March as the sun moves north along the ecliptic, and the Autumnal Equinox happens in September as it moves south.
• Solstices are the two days of the year when the sun is at its farthest point from the celestial equator.

Winter : A period of low temperature in a year. Due to decreasing duration of sun light and also due to the slant nature of the sun rays, the heat received is less during this period and hence the temperatures are low. The northern hemisphere experiences winter from 23rd September to 22nd March while the southern hemisphere experiences winter from 22nd March to 23rd September.

Monsoon

 Air : It rains during the monsoon. The air is humid and moist. Everywhere it is muddy. In these days a lot of mosquitoes and flies enter the house. The air and water are also impure.

Food : During the monsoon season light and moderate food should be eaten. Light and astringent food like fibrous vegetables, snake gourd (padwal), smooth gourd (gilka), bitter gourd (karela), etc. should be eaten. during this season as such foods are easy to digest. Fresh and warm food should be eaten.

Protective clothes : To protect ourselves from the rain we use umbrellas, raincoats, gumboots, etc.

( In the rainy season, dark clouds appear in the sky. There is lightning and thunder. Then it rains. We use raincoats and umbrellas to keep off the rain. Rivers, Wells and lakes are full of water. We see frogs in the rainy season. It is green all around us. )

Summer

 Air : The air in the summer season is quite warm, so it is very hot during this season. we perspire quite a lot during this period. Sometimes we get sunburn, if the heat is too much. So, to protect ourselves from the heat we use a fan or a cooler. We also sit in the shade. 

Food : We drink a lot of water during summer. During these days we drink mango sherbet, lime juice, buttermilk and cold drinks.

      Besides, we eat fruits like mango, jack fruit, watermelon and musk melon.

Protective clothes : To keep our body cool, we wear thin, loose, cotton clothes. When we go out in the sun we wear a cap over our head.

(It is very hot in summer. We wear loose, white cotton clothes. We enjoy cold drinks and ice cream.)

   

Air

Our Need for Air

      We breathe in air and breathe out air. While breathing in air, we breathe in oxygen from the air. Oxygen is the air's most important natural resource.
 Can you tell ?

A riddle to solve !

There's something there, it is to be found

Up and down and all around.

You can't touch it, you can't see it,

But sure as sure, you can name it!

Blow a balloon.

What did you fill into it?

Air

      There is air all around us. Though we can feel it, we cannot see it. Air does not have color, smell or taste.

New terms :

Inhalation : We breathe in air through our nose. That is inhalation.

Exhalation : We breathe out air through the nose. That is exhalation.

Respiration : Inhalation and exhalation are together called breathing. We breathe continuously. That is called respiration.

Can you tell ?
When a man is sleeping quietly, why do we see his chest going up and down?

Why do we breathe ?

     We need our body to function properly. We need air for that purpose. When we breathe in, we take air into our body. Air makes us feel fresh and lively. Air is necessary for our body to get the vigor we need to work properly.
      Like us, all other living things also need air. If we look carefully, we can see a dog's chest also going up and down. It tells us that animals also breathe.

Do you know ?

        Fish live in water. It makes one wonder how they get the air to breathe. But fish are able to use the air that is dissolved in water.

      Some people keep fish in a glass fish-tank. It is called an aquarium. It is always full of water. The fish in the aquarium use the air dissolved in the water for breathing.
         As a result, the amount of air dissolved in the water can get reduced. If all the air was used up, the fish would die Therefore, more air is continuously added to the water in the aquarium. That is why, we see air bubbles rising up through the water in such fish-tanks.

Try this.

• Take a glass more than half full of clean water.
• Take a small piece of a newspaper sheet. Roll it to make a straw, about 10 cm long.
• Dip one end of the straw into the water.
• Through the other end, blow into it with your mouth.

What do you see ?

• Bubbles rise up in the water.

What does this tell us ?

• You blew air into the water. This air rose up and escaped in the form of bubbles.
• There is air everywhere.
• We cannot see it with our eyes.
• Air does not have color, smell or taste.
• Living things need air for respiration.

Always remember-

       Every day one must spend some time playing in an open playground to get fresh air.

What's the solution ?

In a crowded place, someone is feeling suffocated, that is, finding it difficult to breathe. 

      Hold an empty mug upside down on the surface of the water in a bucket. Press it down into the water. Dip it down in water in different ways. What do you see happening ?