Energy - Power - Strength - Force - Potential 2020

 

       Welcome to this post ! So far, you have studied Geography as part of Environmental Studies in post. Now we are happy to offer this Geography post to you. Many events occur in your surroundings. You are a part of the environment where Nature keeps meeting you in the form of sunlight, rain, and cold. You feel happy when a light. pleasant breeze touches  you. Geography is a subject that offers explanations of all these natural events. It takes you closer to Nature. In this post, we also study the interactions of living organisms among themselves and with Nature. You will learn many basic concepts related to the earth in this subject. You have to study many factors of human activities closely associated with your daily life. If you study them well, it will definitely prove useful to you in future. In Geography we also study the financial , social, cultural interactions between various human communities.   In this Article,  I have dealt with Environmental studies in the classical sense. I have tried to bring it out as both, an area of study and as an approach to study. Under the former, the child learns about the environment. As an approach to study, the learning takes place through it. The entire objective has been to systematize the child's process of interaction with the environment so as to make knowledge effective and meaningful.

Learning Outcome : To improve observation skills.

       What change do you see in the Energy -Power - Strength - Force - Potential.  What do you see ? What do you notice ?

        What you pound the coal or the sager, it turns into a powder, that is, into small particles. All substances we see around us are made up of very tiny particles. You must have seen have sawdust or parties of wood fly when the wood is cut with a saw. When iron or copper is made smooth with a File, we get particles of iron or copper. All substances like pencil, chalk, paper, wood, wheat grains, iron, copper, coal are all made up of fine particles. The small particles of various substances that we can see are themselves made up of many tinier particles. These tiny particles are so small that they are not visible to our eyes. Lakhs of particles of any substance must come together to form a particle that can be visible to us.

The theory that all substances are made of minute particles was proposed long ago by Kanaad Maharshi. Kanaad Maharshi was born in the 6th century BC at Prabhaas Kshetra near Sorati Somnaath in Gujarat. His given name was Uluk. He proposed that all things in the world can be classified into seven categories. He was also the first to suggest that every object in the universe is made up of minute particles. He named that tiny particle, 'peelav'.

             The raindrop that fall on the road, bounded off and break up into droplets. These droplets are also made up of tinier particles of water. They make us wet. It means that liquids are also made of small particles. Naphthalene is continuously being converted into small particles in the gaseous state. Such small particles from the balls settle on the clothes. So, the clothes too smell of naphthalene. As the particles leave the naphthalene balls, the balls grow smaller in size and slowly disappear. Particles of Rangoli are fine like a flour. Rangoli coolers are also available in the form of grains.

[ Think -- Suppose you do not have Rangoli powder. What things can you use as an alternative ? ]

The states of substances : Water is found in nature in three states - solid, liquid and gaseous. In all the three states, the individual particles of water remain the same. However, the arrangement of the particles in each of these states is different. As a result, we see differences in the properties of solids, liquids and gases. All substances in nature have  a particulate form, i.e., they are made up of particles. In nature, every substance occurs in a specific state. Accordingly, that substance is called a solid, liquid or gas. For example, aluminums and coal are solids, kerosene and petrol are liquids while nitrogen and oxygen are gases.  Different substances have different properties. Substances may differ with respect to properties like harness, transparency, colour, smell. solubility in water, etc.

Substances and Objects   ----------

       Objects have a definite shape. Their parts are put together in a particular way. Objects are made from substances.

        Look at the objects in the picture above. What substance are they all made from ?

Energy : We make useful objects from a variety of substances. Another use of substances is that we get energy from some of them. There is a car. Its tank is full of fuel but it does not move. Why is that ? When we have run a long distance, we feel tired. We have to stop. Why is that  ? 'Energy' is required to do work. The capacity of a body to do work is called energy. When petrol or diesel burns in a motor vehicle, energy gets released. When the petrol is finished or if it stops burning, the vehicle too stops running. When something burns, energy gets released in the form of heat. You have learnt that in our body too energy is obtained by the burring of certain substances. Many machines can be run using fuels. Coal, diesel, CNG, LPG, petrol are all substance from which energy is obtained in the form of heat. When a person or vehicle moves. heat energy gets converted into motion. Energy in the form of motion is called kinetic energy. All moving things have kinetic energy. For example, when the wind blows, the windmills turn, and sailing boats and clouds move from one place to another. This work is possible only because of the kinetic energy of the wind. Which other machines you know use kinetic energy to do certain tasks ? How do they get this kinetic energy ? A ceiling fan, a mixer - grinder, a water pump are machines in which kinetic energy is used. They get kinetic energy from electricity. Electricity is also a from of energy. 

Power : Power is the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time. In the International System of Units, the unit of power is the watt, equal to one joule per second. In older words, power is sometimes called activity. Power is a scalar quantity. Power is related to other quantities; for example, the power involved in moving a ground vehicle is the product traction force on the wheels and the velocity of the vehicle. The output power of a motor is the product of the torque that the motor generates and the angular velocity of its output shaft. Likewise, the power dissipated in an electrical element of a circuit is the product of the current flowing through the element and of the voltage across the element.

Strength : Strength training or resistance training involves the performance of physical exercises that are designed to improve strength and endurance. It is often associated with the lifting of weights. It can also incorporate a variety of training techniques such as calisthenics, isometrics, and plyometrics. When properly performed, strength training can provide significant functional benefits and improvement in overall health and well-being, including increased muscle, tendon, ligament, and bone strength and toughness, improve joint function, reduced potential for injury, increased bone density, increased bone density increased metabolism, increased fitness and improved cardiac function. Training commonly uses the technique of progressively increasing the force output of the muscle through incremental weight increases and uses a variety of exercises and types of equipment to target specific muscle groups. Strength training is primarily an anaerobic activity, although some proponents have adapted it to provide the benefits of aerobic exercise through circuit training.

        Strength training typically produces lactate in the muscles, which is a limiting factor of exercise performance. Regular endurance exercise leads to adaptations in skeletal muscle which can prevent lactate levels from rising during strength training.

Force : A force is an influence that can change the motion of an object. A force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (e.g. moving from a state of rest), i.e. to accelerate. Force can also be described intuitively as a push or a pull. A force has both magnitude and direction, making  it a vector quantity. It is measured in the SI unit of newton (N) . Force is represented by the symbol F (formerly P). The original form of Newton's second law states that the net force acting upon an object is equal to the rate at which its momentum changes with time. If the mass of the object is constant, this law implies that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force, acting on the object, is the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of he object.

    

          Concepts related to force include ; thrust, which increases the velocity of an object; drag, which decreases the velocity of an object; and torque, which produces changes in rotational speed of an object. In an extended body, each part usually applies forces on the adjacent parts; the distribution of such force through the body is the internal mechanical stress. Such internal mechanical stresses cause no acceleration of that body as the force balance one another. Pressure, the distribution of many small force force applied over an area of a body is a simple type stress that if unbalanced can cause the body to accelerate. Stress usually causes deformation of solid materials, or flow in fluids.

Potential : Potential generally refers to a currently unrealized ability. The term is used in a wide variety of fields from physics to the social sciences to indicate things that are in a state where they are able to change in ways ranging from the simple release of energy by objects to the realization of abilities in people. The philosopher Aristotle incorporated this concept into his theory of potentiality and actuality, a pair of closely connected principles which he used to analyze notion, causality, ethics, and physiology in his Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, and De Anima, which is about the human psyche. That which is potential can theoretically be made actual by taking the right action; for example, a boulder on the edge of a cliff has potential to fall that could be actualized by pushing it over the edge. Several languages have a potential mood, a grammatical construction that indicates that something is potential. These include Finnish, Japanese, and Sanskrit.

Think  ----- What uses of heat energy do we see in our daily life ?

Other Forms of energy  : We use several devices in which work is done using, not heat, but other forms of energy. For example, we use electricity to run the TV. In it, the electricity is converted into light and sound energy. In a solar cooker or solar water heater. Solar energy is used. plants use sunlight to prepare their own food. In this process, energy from sunlight is stored in the food substance they make. These are the substances that burn in our body and give up all the energy we need for various purposes. When we burn substances like coal, mineral oil, the stored energy they contain is converted into heat energy.

          We are confident that the students, teachers and parents will appreciate our efforts in making this post which will be highly rewarding to students. Your valuable suggestions towards the improvement of this post will be highly appreciated.