The Parts of the Body and Their Uses - 2020

          We have great pleasure in offering to you this General Science post. based on the new syllabus. you have acquired some knowledge of Science from your Environment Science post. you began to study Science from a separate General Science this post and other post. The basic purpose of this post can be said to be 'Understand and explain to other'. You will learn Science through many activities such as Observe and Discuss, Use your brain power ! Find out, Think about it, etc. Do take part in all these activities. Use the activities Can you recall ? and Can you tell? to  revise the science you have already learnt. The post also includes many activities and experiments under the titles Try this and Let's try this. You must yourself carefully carry out these activities, experiments and observations. Wherever necessary you may, of course, take the help of your parents or classmates. On some occasions you may have to look for some information. You must use the library or technology like the Internet for that purpose.

     A number of activities that explain the science behind everyday events, have been given. You too must make your own efforts to use science in everyone life. What you learn from the lessons in this post will not only help you with the studies of higher classes, but will also enable you to do many new things and equip you with many new skills. Take all precautions while doing the activities and experiments given in the post and encourage other to take the same precautions. Understand Science and learn to use it. Lastly, a gentle reminder to you that, while carrying out activities related to plants and animals, all care must be taken to avoid doing them any harm or causing them injury. Do tell us about the part that you like as well as about the difficulties you face as you read and understand and study this post. We are especially eager to know about the questions that come to your mind as you study science. Do write to us about them.

Our best wishes for your academic progress.

At the Science Fair  

 Animals are of two types  

The importance of Water  

Plants  -- The Care of Plants 

A tree  

    Our body is made up of different parts.

      The main parts of our body are : the head, neck, shoulders, chest, stomach, arms and legs.

The Parts of the Body and Their Uses

Head : The head consists of hair, forehead, eyes, ears, nose, and the mouth. The eyes, nose, ears and mouth are parts of the face.

Neck : The neck joins the head to the rest of the body. It helps us to turn our head from one side to the other.

Chest : We breathe in air through the nose. The air goes into the chest. We breathe out the air from the chest through our nose. The action of breathing in and breathing out air takes place continuously.

Stomach : The food which we take in through the mouth enters the stomach.

Arms : The arms bend at the elbows and the wrist. Our fingers bend too. That is why we are able to work with our hands. We can pick up things, write and draw with our hands. We clap our hands, too.

Legs : Our legs bend at the knees and ankles. Toes of the feet can bend too. That is why we are able to move about freely. We can walk, jump, run and hop with our legs.

(All the parts of the body are important. Each part has some work to do.)

Our Sense Organs and Their Uses

     We have five sense organs. They are the eyes, ears, nose and tongue which are on the face. The skin is the fifth sense organ which is found all over our body.

Eyes : We can see things around us with the help of our eyes. We see their color and shape.

Ears : We hear with our ears. It helps us to hear different sounds around us.

Nose : We smell through our nose. The smell of different things, good and bad, like food, flowers, medicines, garbage can only be known with the help of the nose.

Tongue : We know the taste of different things like sweet, sour, pungent, bitter with the help of the tongue.

Skin : We can feel a thing by touching it. This is done with the help of the skin.

Examples : hot-cold, smooth-rough, soft-hard, etc.

(All the sense organs of our body make our life easy and comfortable. They enable us to see, hear, smell, taste and feel all the good things of life.)

Similarity and Differences

        Many people stay in our home and in our neighborhood. The body parts are same for everyone. But they do not look alike. Everyone appears different from the other.

 Observe the differences between each person :

Color : Some people have dark complexion and some are fair.

Hair : Some people have thin hair and some have bushy hair. Some people have straight hair while some have curly hair. Some people have glossy hair while some people have dull hair.

             Some people have black hair while some have brown hair. Old people have white hair.

Height : Some people are tall while some are short.

Build : Some people are fat and some are lean.

Nose : Some people have sharp pointed noses, while some have flat noses.

Growth : The body of a person becomes bigger as he/she grows up. Thus, a small boy/girl looks small, while a young man or woman looks much bigger.

Eyes : Some people have black eyes while some have brown eyes. Some people have blue eyes.

               Some have big eyes while some have narrow eyes. Some people have bright eyes, while some have deep-set eyes.

Face : Some people have long faces while some have round faces. Some people have oval faces.

Age : People look different according to their age.

For example : A little boy, a teenager and an old man look very different from one another.

(There is a lot of difference from person to person. That why we all look different from one another, though we have the same parts of the body.)

Different 'Faces' of greatness

• Sant Dnyaneshwar
• Ramdas Swami
• Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
• Maharana Pratap
• Swami Vivekanand
• Mahatma Gandhi
• Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar
• Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
• Dr. A. P.J. Abdul Kalam

Cleanliness of the Body

We must Keep our body clean for good health. CLEANLINESS Prevents diseases and makes us feel fresh.

Good habits for a healthy body :

• Do not oversleep. Get up early in the morning.
• Brush your teeth and rinse your mouth well. Clean your tongue with a tongue- cleaner. Brush your teeth twice a day. Once in the morning and once at night.
• Take a bath every day with soap and water.
• Use a clean towel to wipe your body and hair dry. Comb your hair neatly.
• Always wear clean and tidy clothes. See to it that your clothes do not get dirty. Always carry a clean handkerchief.
• Do not put your fingers in your mouth or bite your nails, as the dirt collected below the nails will enter your stomach. Then you will fall ill. Nails should be cut at least once a week.
• Clean your ears only with a cotton bud. Do not use any sharp pointed objects like matchsticks or hairpins to clean your ears.

Good habits for cleanliness 

• Brush your teeth twice a day.
• Do not put your fingers in your mouth or bite your nails.
• Cut your nails at least once a week.
• Wash your hands before and after meals.
• Rinse your mouth properly after meals.
• Take a bath every day with soap and water.
• Use cotton ear buds to clean your ears.
• Wear clean and tidy clothes always.

Care of the Body

Taking care of the body means keeping it fit and healthy. Our body needs exercise as well as rest. Health is wealth.

How can we keep our body fit and healthy?

• We should take adequate exercise :

Run, jump, skip, dance and hop every day in the fresh open air.

• Play outdoor games every day.

Outdoor games keep us fit. They make us alert. Do not play immediately after having meals.

• Always breathe in through the nose.

Never breathe in through the mouth.

• Always sit with your back straight.
  

Do not bend or stoop while reading or writing.

• Stand straight.
  

Walk upright. These things also keep our body fit.

• Go to the parks and gardens more often to breathe in fresh air.
• Run short distance races. Play group games.
• After many activities during the day, the body needs rest at night.

      We should go to bed early and get up early in the morning.

      When we sleep, our body gets complete rest. We remain fresh and energetic throughout the following day.

The things that keep us fit and healthy :

1. 
   

   Regular exercise
2. Outdoor games
3. Good posture
4. Breathing through the nose
5. A Sound sleep at night

A fit and healthy body keeps you always happy.

A Look Inside The Body

Internal Organs :

      The specific part of the body which performs certain function is called organ. The organs present inside the body are called internal organs. Internal organs cannot be seen from outside. Network of blood vessels, organs carrying out digestion of food, organs which help us to breathe are all internal organs.

The special spaces for internal organs :

     The internal organs of the body that carry out important functions are securely protected inside the body. Even if we move a lot, the internal organs will never leave their places. There are hollow spaces called cavities, which are present inside the head and torso of the body. In these cavities the internal organs are located.

      Inside the cranial cavity, thoracic cavity and abdominal vanity the internal organed are situated in such a way that they will not leave their places and move here there and where here they are securely protected.

The esophagus :

        Esophagus is one tube like part of alimentary canal. We chew the food with help of teeth. The tongue in the mouth helps us to understand the taste of food while chewing. In the mouth the food is mixed with saliva. The food forms a moist ball. This ball of food is gulped and then it passes through the throat and enters the esophagus. From esophagus it reaches the stomach which is present in the abdominal cavity. The wall of esophagus is flexible due to which the food is pushed forward into stomach. The other name of esophagus is gullet and it is present in the thoracic cavity.

The  journey of food :

        The journey of food takes place through Alimentary canal. 

  LENGHTH OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL IS ABOUT 9 METRES. Alimentary canal is made up of different organs.

Heart : 

           Heart is an important internal organ. It is situated in the Centre of thoracic cavity, slightly tilted to the left. It is slightly bigger than our fist. The walls of the heart are flexible Heart keeps the blood flowing throughout the body continuously. The air that we breathe in and the food that is digested, both are carried to each and every part of the body by the flowing blood. This is possible only due to heart. These actions are called contraction and relaxation. During contraction the blood is forced out into the blood vessels, while during relaxation, it flows back to the hear.

Heartbeats :

         The contraction of heart is called heart beat. We can feel the throbbing of our heart if we place the hand on our chest. After every contraction, heart relaxes. This goes on continuously without stopping. Placing the hand on the blood vessels passing through the wrist, we can feel the pulse. pulse is due to heartbeats.

Lungs :

        The lungs supply the air breathed in through the nose, to the entire body. The lunges are situated in the thoracic cavity, one on the right side and other on the left side. The heart lies between the right and left lungs. Right lung is little bigger than the left. The left lung has a slight depression. Wind pipe or trachea carries the air that we breathe in. Wind pipe divides into two branches called bronchi. Each bronchus enters the lung. In this way air that  we breathe in enters wind pipe, then bronchus and then into lungs. The heart and the lungs depend upon each other while working . Both are protected in the rib cage. They are kept safe and secure.

Brain :

        The most important internal organ, situated in the cranial cavity is the brain. The brain performs many important functions such as 

• Controlling all our actions
• making us aware of all our emotions
• interpreting information sent by sensory organs.
• Storing memory.

         The brain is very well protected in the skull which is a bony case. Injury to the brain can cause permanent disability or even death. 

The structure of the human body is very complex.

(OUR NEEDS)   Our Food

          We use our body for a number of activities and movements. We work and play. So our body needs energy and strength.

          We get energy and strength from the food we eat. Food is essential for all living beings. It helps us to build our muscles and bones. Food makes us grow.

Our food consists of :  Cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruit, fish, meat, milk and eggs.

1. Cereals : Jowar, bajra, nachani and rye are some of the cereals from which we can make bhakri. 

Wheat is used to make chappatis.

Rice is cooked and eaten with dal or vegetables.

2. Pulses : Peas, Greengard, matki, masoor, chauli and vaal are some of the pulses.

   We get dals like tur, udid and channa from pulses.

3. Vegetables : Vegetables supply vitamins to the body.

     Brinjal, cabbage, snake gourd (padwal), pumpkin, bitter gourd (karela), lady's finger (bhindi) and cauliflower are some of the vegetables that can be cooked and eaten.

     Potatoes, yam, sweet potatoes and onions are some of the roots that can be cooked and eaten.

     Spinach (palak), fenugreek (methi), chauli, kardai are some of the leafy vegetables that can be cooked and eaten.

4. Salads : Carrots, tomatoes, cucumber, radish, beetroot and onions are chopped finely to make salads which can be eaten raw.

Oil/ghee : Oil is made from mustard, sesame (till), groundnuts, sunflower and coconut.

                   Similarly, ghee is made from milk/vegetable products.

6. Fruit : Bananas, guavas, apples, mangoes, chickoos, papayas, oranges, grapes, sweet limes, pomegranates, figs, watermelons are fruits that are loved by the young and the old.

7. Milk : Milk is the most nourishing food. We get milk from cows, buffaloes, she-goats, etc. Children and the sick people should have enough milk, every day. We get cream, butter, curds, paneer and cheese from milk.

The care of our diet :
The most important questions about our diet are :

1. What makes a proper diet?
2. What should be eaten ?
3. When should it be eaten ?

      Growing children should eat four meals a day. Breakfast in the morning, lunch in the afternoon, snacks in the evening and dinner (supper) at night.

 For breakfast they should have chappati

 /paratha/   bread/    butter/  poha/  upma,  etc. Then they should drink milk.

     For lunch and dinner they should have a variety of food items like cereals, pulses, vegetables and salads. It should be a balanced diet. After meals they should eat fruit.

     For evening snacks they can have roasted gram (channas), sweets, chocolates, biscuits, wafers, homemade vadas or samosas.

Remember :

1. Chew your food well.
2. Wash your hands well before and after eating.
3. Do not talk with food in your mouth.
4. Eat at fixed hours. Breakfast in the morning, lunch in the afternoon, snacks in the evening and dinner (supper) at night.
5. Do not overeat or else you get a stomach-ache.
6. Do not waste food.
7. Do not eat stale and uncovered food. Avoid eating from the roadside stalls.
8. Wash fruit and vegetables before eating or cooking.
9. Do not eat too much of sweets like chocolates, biscuits and ice-cream.
10. Eat with a peaceful mind.

Home Remedies For Simple Illnesses

illness :

When we are well, we : feel hungry at the right times, get good sleep at night, have no complaints of digestion, feel refreshed when we get up. do not feel tired. But if a person is ill, all of the above mentioned activities are disturbed. For some reasons, we may fall ill. When we are unwell, our health is affected. ILLNESSES CAN BE MINOR OR MAJOR. Minor illnesses can be cured by home remedies. They can be cured in a short time. During major illnesses we have to be taken care of by the doctors. We need to go to clinics or hospitals. These illnesses are not cured in a short time.

Home remedies : Home remedies are used for illnesses that are cured readily. Elderly and experienced people usually know such home remedies and they tell these to others.

 Some of the common home remedies are as follows :

• Bad throat - gargle with warm water.
• Cold - Inhalation of steam and hot fomentation.
• Vomiting due to indigestion - Cool lemon sherbet, curds and rice.
• Mild fever - On insistence on meals, light diet.
• Cuts. bruises, small wounds - Washing with clean water, dabbing dry and applying tincture iodine. Covering with clean cotton and bandaging.

       Home remedies have limits. If a person does not recover in a day or two, take the advice of a doctor. One must never take any medicine without the advice of a doctor. 

People who provide health services to society :

      Health service or medical service is a service in which health of the people is taken care off. Treatment is also provided to the sick persons.

Our Clothes

     We need clothes to cover our body so as to protect ourselves from heat, cold and rain. Clean clothes make us look smart. So we should wear clean and proper clothes which are comfortable.

We should wear different kinds of clothes according to the seasons and occasions.

Clothes in summer : It is very hot in summer. We perspire a lot. So, We should wear light-colored cotton clothes. They make us feel cool and comfortable.

Clothes in the rainy season : It rains heavily in the rainy season. So, we should wear rainy coats, caps and gumboots to protect us from the rain. We can carry umbrellas too.

Clothes in winter : It is very cold in winter. So, We should wear warm woolen clothes like sweaters to keep ourselves warm.

Party and Festival Clothes : We wear colorful party dresses for different occasions. Traditional clothes are worn during festivals.

Uniform : Children wear school uniform when they go to school. They do not wear them at home.

            People working in the police, military and hospitals also wear different uniforms.

Good Habits 

1. Wear clothes according to the seasons.
2. Always wear clean and tidy clothes.
3. Take good care of your clothes.
4. Change your clothes more often during the the rainy season.

Our Shelter

    All living things need a shelter to protect themselves from cold, heat and rain.

    We live as a family in our homes. The family members rest and live together in the comfort of their home.

     The house should be kept clean. There should be plenty of light and air in the house. It should be well furnished with the necessary things like beds, cupboards, tables, chairs, and sofas.

(A) Kinds of houses 

 We can build different kinds of houses.

1. Tent : A tent means a house made of thick cloth like canvas, poles and cords.

2. Hut : A hut means a house made of mud and grass. The walls are made of mud and the roof is thatched with leaves or grass.

3. Chawl : Chawl consist of small houses built in a row. We find them in towns and cities.

4. Block : A block is a building with multiple stored which are divided into flats.

5. Skyscrapers :  Skyscrapers are found in cities. They are thirty-forty store buildings.

6. Bungalow : A bungalow is an independent building which has many rooms. It usually has a surrounding compound with garden, lawn, etc.

      Tents are used for temporary stay. Huts are small houses which are not very strong. 

      Chawls, blocks, skyscrapers and bungalows are big and permanent houses.

      To build permanent houses we need stones, timber, bricks, tiles, sand, cement and steel-rads.

(B) From where do we get the building materials?

1. Bricks and tiles are made from clay. Then they are sent to the brick-kiln to be baked.
2. Sand is brought from the sea, river or canals. 
3. Cement and steel-road are brought from factories.
4. We get timber from the trees. Doors and windows are made from timber.

(c) Who build the house?

1. The architect draws the plan of the house.
2. The mason builds the walls of the house.
3. The carpenter makes the doors and the windows.
4. The blacksmith makes the iron frames/ grills of the windows and the latches of the doors.
5. The plumber fits the taps, the toilets and the washbasins.
6. The electrician fits the lighting, fans, plugs and switches.

(D) How should we keep our house?

The house should be swept daily. It should be mopped well. The toilets and the bathrooms should be kept clean always. The house should look neat and tidy.

1. All living things need a shelter to live in.
2. Human beings live in houses.
3. We are safe and protected in a house.
4. Tents are meant for temporary stay.
5. Huts are small, weak houses.
6. Chawls, blocks, skyscrapers and bungalows are big and permanent homes.
7. Many workmen are needed to build permanent houses.

Our Body

Structure of the body

        The head, torso, arms and legs are the main parts of the body. The head, arms and legs are joined to the torso.

Head : The head is covered with hair. Below the forehead are two eyes, with eyebrows and eyelashes. On the sides are the ears.

            In front is the nose. Below the nose, is the mouth and below that, the chin.

            The part that joins the head to the torso is the neck.

Torso : The chest, abdomen and back together make up the torso.

               The part where the arm is joined to the torso is called the shoulder. 

               The leg is joined to the torso at the hip-joint.

Parts of the arm 

Upper arm

Elbow

Forearm

Wrist

Palm

Hand

Fingers

Arm: The arm has three parts - upper arm, forearm and hand.

            The fingers are part of the hand.

           The upper arm and forearm are joined at the elbow.

          The forearm and hand are joined at the wrist.

Parts of the leg

Thigh

Knee

Shank

Ankle

Toes

Foot

Leg : The leg, too, has three parts - thigh, shank and foot.

            Toes are part of the foot.

           The thigh and shank are joined at the knee.

          The shank and foot are joined at the ankle.

New terms :

Organ : A part of the body that is used for a particular purpose. We use our legs for walking. So legs are organs. We use our ears for hearing. So ears are also our organs.

External organs : Organs that are on the outside of our body. Legs, arms, ears and nose are our organs. They are on the outside of our body. Hence, they are our external organs.

Can you tell ?

• How will you walk without bending your legs at the knees?
• Can you comb your hair without bending your arm at the elbow?

Movements of the body

        Try to bend a wooden stick. Can you do so? Why not?

      Suppose that our legs and arms also could not bend. Would we able to make movements?

        Some of our body parts can bend. That is why, we are able to make movements.

Which parts of our body can we bend?

Try this.

The neck : The neck bends forward as well as backward. It turns left or right. It also bends left or right.

Arms : We can bend our arm at the shoulder, elbow and wrist. The fingers of our hands can bend too. That is why, we can make a fist. We can do many things with our hands. We use our hands to write and to pick up things. Mother shapes a laddoo with her hands. Baby holds the rattle in her hand.

The waist : We can bend our torso only at the waist. We can bend forward at the waist. That makes it easier for us to do many things. We can pick up things from the floor, tie our shoelaces and play games, too.

Legs : Our legs can bend at the hip-joint, the knees and the ankles. Our toes too can bend, but not as much as our fingers.

             We use our legs too for several purposes. We use our legs to stand. We walk and run. We climb up and down stairs. We hop and jump. We work some machines, too, using our legs.

One task, many methods

Try this.
           One day, you decided not to open your mouth at all to speak. So, you have to talk only by signs and gestures.

• You are asked. 'Shall I leave or wait?' Your answer is, 'Wait'.
• You are asked, 'How's the curry?' Your answer is, 'Delicious!'
• You are told, 'The cat's not feeling well'. Your answer is, 'What happened to it?'
• You are asked, 'How's the weather?' Your answer is, 'I'm feeling very cold.'

       We use our mouth to speak. But, when playing this game, which parts of your body did you use to make signs ?

What's the solution ?

      You want a box from a very high shelf where your hand cannot reach. To carry out any task, we can choose one from a number of methods of doing it. If we cannot use the usual method, we can get someone to help. Or, we can use some special device. Somebody may find it difficult to do something. We should then offer all possible help.

I am unique.

        There are countless people in the world. But, all of them have the same body parts. Even so, no two persons are exactly alike. That is because each one has a different figure and form. There are differences in height and weight, hairline and the features of the face.

        In the whole world only you look like yourself. Did you know this?

Do you know ?

      Sometimes, twin brothers or sisters look exactly alike. But, even between them, there are small differences.

• Head, torso, legs and arms are the main parts of our body. Chest, abdomen and back together make up the torso. The head, legs and arms are joined to the torso.
• The part of the body that joins the head and the torso is the neck. The arms are joined to the torso at the shoulders and the legs, at the hip-joints.
• Our body parts can bend at certain places. That makes it possible for us to make different movements.
• Our body makes various movements with the help of the neck, arms, legs and waist.

Always remember -

Our body helps us to do all our tasks. So, we must take care of our body.

Sensory Organs

Our five sensory organs 

• Imagine : You are walking along the road. There is a ditch ahead. You see it and you walk around it. What would happen if you do not see the ditch ?
• You are playing in your neighborhood. Suddenly, you hear thunder. You are able to reach your house before it begins to rain.

       What would happen if you do not hear the thunder?

   It is necessary for us to know what is happening in our surroundings. It helps us to decide what to do in any situation and we can keep ourselves safe.

      How do we sense what is happening around us? It is our eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin which tell us about our surroundings. Therefore, they are called our sensory organs.

Eyes : It is with our eyes that we can see. We can tell the color of the things we see. We can tell their shape. We can also guess the distance of things from us.

Ears : We hear with our ears. Mainly, we come to know what a person is saying to us. The ears also tell us whether the sound we hear is sweet or harsh. They can tell us whether the sound is that of a bird or an animal. They also tell us which direction a sound is coming from.

Nose : We can smell with nose. We perceive the smell of a fragrant flower or incense stick because of the nose.

           Again, it is the nose which tells us that there is a foul smell in the air or that the food is spoil. At such times, we can take proper precautions.

What's the solution ?

• There is a foul smell in the house.
• A food item is giving out a rotten smell.

Use your brain power !

• In summer, how can we tell, without even looking outside, that it is raining nearby?
• What would be the benefit of knowing the direction from which a sound comes?

Tongue : We can taste with our tongue. Sugar and jaggery are sweet. Bitter gourd is bitter. Lemons and raw mangoes are sour.

                 Salt is salty! It is due to the tongue that we know these tastes. If we eat a chilli, our tongue gets a burning sensation. We say that the chilli is hot.

Try this.

Another game : Feel it to find out!

           You can play this game with four or five of your friends.
          Take a big cardboard carton. Make a hole in one of its sides just big enough for your hand to go through. Place some small things in the box. For example, an eraser, a coin, a piece of a pencil, a pebble, a tamarind seed, etc.
          Take turns at playing this game. Put your hand through the hole, pick up one thing and guess what that object is only by feeling it. Name the object before taking it out. Then take it out and show the others what it is.

Skin : We come to know if something we touch is hot or cold, rough or smooth, because of our skin.

Use your brain power!

How are movements co- ordinated when stitching cloth on a sewing machine?

Overcoming disability

       If a part of our body does not function well, we face many difficulties. If our eyes do not function well, we cannot see properly. If our ears do not work as they should, we cannot hear well.
         In such a situation, our movements are not smooth. We find it difficult to do things on our own. But such situations can be overcome. Some disabilities can be corrected by medical treatment. In some matters, we can take the help of other people. Often, some special devices can be used to overcome the disability. Then, it becomes possible to carry out our own tasks independently.

         If we cannot see well, we can use spectacles. If we cannot see at all, we can make use of sounds, or feel with the hands to get things done. you might have seen a blind person using a white cane. Blind people use a cane to feel the way in front of them. The sounds they hear around them also help them to know the situation around them. Thus, they can make their way independently even on a crowded road full of traffic.
         A person who cannot hear well, can use a hearing aid.

      Those who cannot hear at all, can use sigh language. In some cases, a surgery can help a person to hear.

     If there is a defect in the leg, a special wheelchair can be used.

     Then the defect in the leg is no more a hurdle.

Do you know ?

       Arunima Sinha is a young woman from Uttar Pradesh. Once, when she was twenty-two years old she was travelling on a train. She had to fight off some thieves. In the scuffle, she was thrown off the train. Another speeding train ran over her. She was seriously injured.

      Doctors saved her life. but they had to cut off her right leg. While she was in the hospital many people would come to see her. Each person would worry about her future. But, Arunima resolved that she would never give up. She would achieve something so extraordinary that no one could ever say she was helpless. 

         Doctors gave her an artificial leg. As soon as she got used to her new leg, she began to train for mountaineering. Just one year after her accident, she climbed one of the high peaks in the Himalayas, The very next year, She climbed Mount Everest, the highest peak in the world!

          What can we learn from Arunima's story?

• Our sensory organs tell us about the situation all around us.
• The eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin are our five sensory organs.
• We can see with our eyes, hear with our ears, smell with our nose. We taste things with our tongue and feel them with our skin.
• when we work, we need to have co-ordination in all the tasks. Difficulties may arise due to lack of co-ordination.
• If any organ does not function well, we may face difficulties in doing our work.
• We must not give up in the face of difficulties. They can be overcome.

Always remember -

       Even If there is a disability in any organ, we can find a way out of that difficulty. We can learn to be self-reliant.

Pearly Teeth, Healthy Body

Grandfather's new teeth !

       We had all gathered to play in the evening. Subhash had not come. He'd gone with his Grandpa to the dentist. Three months ago, Grandpa's teeth had all been removed. He was to get his dentures today.

      Monikatai told us, 'Such dentures look like real. but the teeth are actually false.'

    Ahmed who is in the first standard promptly asked, 'why get false teeth? My brother's teeth also fell, but they all grew again. Won't Subhash's Grandpa get new ones like him?'

      That made everyone laugh.

      Monikatai explained to Ahmed, 'The teeth that we get when we are babies are called milk teeth. They start falling when we are seven or eight years old. After that, we get new teeth once again. These are called permanent teeth. When these teeth fall, we don't get any new ones.'
    Balu wondered, 'So what if we don't get new teeth again? Why should we get false ones?'
    Monikatai said, 'Balu, you're in the third standard, aren't you? Several of your classmates must have lost their teeth. You have also lost some. Don't you have trouble eating and talking?'
    Then Balu remembered, 'Oh yes! You're right! I love guavas. But now I can't eat them.'
    Mary teased him 'And, you know, Balu can't say 'she' either! His front teeth are missing. When he tries, it sounds like a whistle!'
    Everyone laughed again.
   'Now you know why it is so important to look after permanent teeth,' Said Monikatai wisely.
    Just then Subhash and his Grandpa returned. Grandpa smiled at us. His new dentures were shining bright !

Can you tell?

• Many people lose their teeth when they grow old. But some people lose their permanent teeth quite early. What could be the reasons for that?

Taking care of our teeth

         After eating something, we should wash our mouth, scrub our teeth inside and outside, with a finger. We should swill plenty of water in our mouth and rinse it well four or five times.

        If we do not that, particles of food remain in the mouth. They stick to our teeth and tongue. They get stuck in between the teeth. If they remain there, the teeth begin to rot. Then we get bad breath, that is, the mouth smells bad. If this happens often, the gums are also affected. They may ooze blood and pus. These foul substances go into our stomach. Then, we can fall ill.

       Because of the rotting particles in the mouth, our teeth decay. Slowly the teeth become lose and in the end, they fall.

       We must avoid this. For that, we must brush our teeth in the morning and before going to bed at night. We must also clean our gums and tongue.

      Neem or babul sticks are sometimes used for cleaning teeth. Some people buy tooth powder from the market or make it at home. Many people use a toothbrush and toothpaste.
     Neem and babul sticks or homemade tooth powders do not clean well from the gaps between our teeth. Also, tooth powder can be rough, while the neem or babul sticks are hard. They can injure our gums.

        Using a brush and toothpaste, we can clean the gaps between the teeth properly. Besides, the foam of the toothpaste helps the particles stuck between teeth to come loose and get washed away.

Why must we wash our hands before we eat?

Try this.

• Take a glass beaker half full of water. Tell any student of your class to wash his or her hands in the beaker of water.
• Then look at his / her hands.
• See if the water in the beaker has changed in any way.

What do you see ?

• The hands that were washed in the beaker became clean.
• The water in the beaker looks slightly muddy. You will find that the same thing happens, no matter which of your classmates tries this.

What does this tell us ?

• All day, while playing or working, our hands become dirty.

So, we must wash our hands before we eat.

Do you know ?

• Sometimes when we get scratches, or a wound that bleeds, people apply wet mud to the injury, But, it is wrong to do so. It infects the cut or wound which may start oozing pus.

Keeping our body clean

        Remember, it is for us to keep our body clean. If we eat with unclean hands, the dirt on the hands goes into our stomach. We can get a stomach upset. So we must not forget to wash our hands before we begin to eat.

       Just as it is necessary to keep our teeth clean, it is important to keep our hair and nails clean, too.

       We must also keep our sensory organs clean. We must bathe every day.

    If we don't keep ourselves clean, we may contract different diseases.

Who are the really smart ones?

• Everyone brushes their teeth in the morning. But the smartest people? They brush their teeth before they go to bed every single night, too!
• Everyone washes their hands after a meal. And the smartest? They wash their hands without fail before a meal, too!
• The teeth we get when we are small are called milk teeth. They start falling at seven or eight years of age.
• Then we get new teeth once again. These are called permanent teeth.
• If permanent teeth fall, we do not not get new teeth in their place. So, we must take care of our teeth. 
• If our teeth are dirty, foul substances go into our stomach. We can fall ill.
• We must wash our hands before we eat.
• We must keep our hair, our nails, our sense organs and the entire body clean.

Always remember -

It is for us to keep our body clean.

👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍

Environmental 

Movements of the Body  

           Since the time we get up in the morning till we go to bed at night, we endlessly do some work or the other. For this purpose the Continuous movement of our body is necessary.

Movement of the legs : We use our legs quite frequently. The movement of our legs helps us to walk, run, jump, etc.

       The ankles and the Knees of the legs bend, the toes bend too. We are able to lift our legs from the groins.

Movement of the arms : The hands are the most important parts of our arms. We move our hands very often. We pick up things with the help of our hands. Similarly, we are able to write, eat our food and do a lot of other work with our hands.

        We are able to bend our wrist and elbow. We are able to move our shoulders up and down and rotate them in a circular motion. Besides we are able to bend our fingers too.

Movement of the neck : We use our neck to look towards the right side, the left side, up, down and a little towards the back.

Movement of the Waist : We move our waist to bend forward, backward, to turn our body towards the right side and the left side.

      Besides this, When we breathe in air, our chest and the stomach move. When we look here and there, our eyes move. When we talk and laugh our lips move. In this way, all the parts of our body move.

                                                         Our Sense Organs

       We get a lot of information about various things in our environment through our sense organs. The eyes, the ears, the nose, the tongue and the skin are our sense organs.

Eyes : The eyes are one of the most important and delicate sense organs of the body. we can see many things with our eyes. We can Know their important characteristics, such as the shape, the size and the color of the objects with the help of our eyes. 

Ears : We can hear different sounds through our ears. We can Know the intensity of the sound, the nature of the sound and the direction of the sound through our ears.

Nose : We can smell things through our nose. Some things smell sweet while some stink. The difference in the smell can be Known through our nose.

         We can remember the characteristics of special things through the nose.

Tongue : We taste the substances with the help of our tongue.

                Sweet, Bitter, Sour, Pungent, Astringent, Salty.

Skin : We can feel the things through the contact of the skin. We can Know the shapes of the things, the surfaces of the things and the temperatures through the contact of our skin.

                                               Our Needs 

The Importance of Keeping Food Safe

      As our body grows, So does it get strength to do more work. That is why we eat different Kinds of food everyday. Whatever food we eat needs to be clean and safe for eating. Then only we can Keep ourselves healthy and disease-free. So care should be taken not to take polluted food. It is not healthy to eat polluted food.

       Why and how does the food get polluted ?

       The food gets polluted because of the following reasons :

1.  If the cereals and the foodstuff used are not clean.
2. If the food is Kept uncovered, dust collects over it.
3. If flies sit on the food.
4. If the food has become stale.
5. If the plates and spoons used are not clean.
6. If the food is handled with dirty hands.
7. If the place where the food is Kept is dirty.

      If polluted food is eaten, diseases like food poisoning, dysentery, vomiting, typhoid, etc. occur. In order to avoid these diseases, the food should be handled safely.

           Handling Foodstuffs Safely before Cooking 

    As soon as we bring cereals, food material, vegetables and fruits from the market, we have to make proper arrangement to Keep them.

    Use the following methods to Keep them safe:

(1) Winnowing : Cereals and pulses like rice, wheat, jowar, bajra, green peas, moong are taken in a sifting pan and winnowed. Such material like grass, Sticks and husk are separated from it.

(2) Picking : Many times there are small stones and pebbles in the grain. So they must be picked properly and removed from the grain and discarded. 

              Just as the grains are picked and cleaned, So should the vegetables be cleaned, especially the green vegetables. All the unnecessary parts should be removed and thrown out.

(3) Sieving : Certain food items which we bring from the market should be sieved thoroughly. Wheat flour, gram flour (besan), powdered sugar, maida, semolina, poha, all these things should be sieved before using them.

(4) Washing : Most of the cereals, pulses, dals, vegetables and fruits should be washed before using them. So that the dust, small insects, etc., get washed away. Only wheat, jowar, bajra or similar cereals cannot be washed before using them. So we should be more careful in cleaning them.

(5) Storing : Many times we bring food items in large quantities. So it becomes necessary to store them properly. Sometimes dals and cereals appear a little moist. They should be exposed to the sun and dried so that they do not get fungus. Add some boric powder in the tin in which rice is Kept. Dry most of the food material. Store them in an airy place. Boxes and tins should have airtight lids.

(6) Preparation before cooking : The place of cooking should be clean, So should the spoons and the utensils be clean. There should be sufficient light in the Kitchen. First wash your hands and then start cooking.

                        Handling Cooked Food Safely 

  Care should be taken to keep the cooked food in a proper place.

(1) Use clean spoons and utensils : Cooked food should be removed in a clean utensil, using a clean spoon.

(2) To Cover : Cooked food should be allowed to cool before covering it. In the meantime place a lid, half covered, over the food. If milk is hot then put a mesh lid to cover it.

       When the food is fully cooled, cover it totally, so that dust and flies do not settle over it.

(3) Keep the Food in a clean place : The place where food is to be Kept should be clean and well-lit. Do not allow the sunlight to fall directly on the food.

          The method of Keeping the food should change according to the change of the seasons. During the summer season cooked food should be Kept in cold water in a large vessel.

(4) To use and store : Freshly cooked food should be used up immediately. But if some of the cooked food remains, it should be kept in air tight tins or boxes and covered tightly.

           While handling or using cooked food, the hands should be clean. Food should be eaten in a clean place, where there is sufficient light. After eating your meals the place should be cleaned properly.

Other Factors of Keeping Food Safe

        To keep the food safe, it is important to handle the food properly. The other factors necessary to take care of food are as under:
(1) Cleanliness of the house and the Kitchen :Our home, especially the kitchen, must be kept clean. It usually becomes oily in and around the gas or the stove, so it should be cleaned regularly. The house and the kitchen should be dusted from time to time.
(2) Controlling Cockroaches, rats, etc :Cockroaches , ants, small insects and rats are a nuisance. They spread diseases. So steps should be taken to control them.
(3) Disposal of the garbage: Wet garbage means waste food materials. If the garbage of vegetables and fruits remains for a long time, the growth of insects is rapid. This affects the safety of food. Thus it is very important that the garbage of the house, especially the wet garbage is disposed off daily.

The Importance of Keeping Water Safe 

       Just as food is an important need of our body, So is Water an equally important need. The water which we drink must be clean and safe. Then only our health will be safe. So, individually we should take care that the water does not get polluted.

1. Causes of water pollution :
(1)Washing clothes near a river or lake.
(2)Bathing cattle and animals in the river.
(3)Waste products from the factories and gutters dumped into the river.
(4)Accumulation of water in ponds for a long time.
(5)Drinking water left open.

        Diseases like dysentery, cholera, jaundice, etc. are caused by drinking impure water.

        To avoid this, water should be safely purified and used. 

        Different methods are given below for purifying polluted water:

2.Purification of polluted water :
(1) To filter the water: Always filter the water. If you fold cotton cloth two folds or three folds and filter the water, then all the mud and the minute insoluble particles get stuck to the cloth. Besides, you get a ready- made filter in the market which you can use to filter the water. Fix this filter to the tap to get pure water.  

Methods of Filtering Water

(2) To make the Water clear : Keep the water in a vessel for a sufficiently long time without moving it, till all the mud particles and grains have settled at the base of the vessel. Then remove the water slowly from above and use it. If alum is swirled in water, mud particles settle down quickly and the water becomes clear.

(3) To boil the Water : When the monsoon arrives the rivers are flooded. At that time the water gets muddy and polluted. So this water must be filtered and made clear. Then it should be boiled at least for 20 minutes.

(4) To store the Water : The water which is stored should always be covered. Water does not become stale soon. So if the water is covered, then it can be utilized for the next day too.

3. The Use of Water : The water vessel should have a tap. The water in the glass should be filled from the tap.

If the vessel does not have a tap, then use a ladle to take the water.

Do not hold the glass with your fingers and dip it in the vessel.

4. Water Vessels : The vessels used for storing water should be scrubbed and cleaned daily. If possible scrub and wash the vessels minutely once a week and keep them for drying in the sun.

The Importance of Keeping Sharp Instruments Safely:

       We use sharp instruments like Knives, pointed instruments, Cutter, Scraper, Scissors, blades, needles, pins, packing needles, nail cutter, etc. For different Kinds of work in our house. For Keeping and safe handling of these sharp instruments, the following instructions should be followed :

(1) For a few months before using these instruments take the guidance of elders in the family and by observing them learn to use these instruments.
(2) Do not touch the sharp edge of the blade of the knife. Hold the knife firmly on the handle.
(3) Never leave the cutter open.
(4) Scrape the cucumber slowly and carefully with a scraper.
(5) Do not leave the pair of scissors open.
(6) The razor blade has sharpness on both the sides. Care should be taken while handling it.
(7) Do  not keep needles, pins, etc. anywhere in the open. Such things get lost easily. They can prick you anytime and anywhere. To avoid this situation always stick the pins and needles on a magnet. Never leave safety pins open.
(8) Handle packing needles and the nail cutters carefully.
(9) Do not use all these instruments as playthings.
(10) After using these instruments, put them immediately in their proper places.
(11) Do not keep knives, scissors on the edge of the table. By a little push they may fall on the ground and hurt somebody.
(12) While handing over sharp instruments like scissors, knives or compass to others, always place the pointed side towards yourself and the handle side in the opposite direction (front).
(13) If a glass article has fallen and broken, collect the glass pieces carefully and put them in the bin. Do not handle the fine glass pieces with your hand. To collect the small glass pieces, moisten a piece of cloth and collect the small pieces of glass and throw them in the bin.

Safety Rules for Vehicles and Means of Transport

      Just as we go to school or any other place, we come across many types of vehicles and means of transport.

      Care should be taken where vehicles and traffic is concerned. So effort must be taken in this regard. Follow the safety rules given below :

1. Always walk on your left while walking along the road.
2. Always walk along the pedestrian path. (footpath)
3. Do not dance, play, sing or talk while walking on the road.
4. Care should be taken not to run and cross the road. It should not be crossed in a hurry.
5. Do not cross in front of a bus, truck or heavy traffic.
6. If there are zebra crossings, then cross only at zebra crossings.
7. Before crossing the road, look to your right, left and when the road is clear, then only cross the road.
8. In cities there are signals on the road. Precisely follow the signal rules. See the green signal depicting the walking man and then only cross the road.
9. Do not cross the railway lines. Use the bridge to cross the railway lines.
10. Do not throw peels of fruits on the road.
11. While travelling in any vehicle do not put out your hand, head or any other part of the body out of the vehicle.
12. Always get in or out from the left side door of a rickshaw or car.
13. When the bus stops, walk in a queue and get into the bus. Do not get into or get down from a moving bus.                

Busy At Work - our Internal Organs

           Processes like respiration, digestion go on inside the body continuously with the help of certain organs. Let us learn something about these processes and the organs that carry then out. 

Respiration : We need air, water and food to live. It is necessary for the body to get a continuous supply of oxygen. We get this oxygen from the air, through breathing. That is why we breathe continuously. In our body, there are organs that carry out the work of respiration. The diagram above shows our respiratory organs. When we inhale, the air from outside goes into the trachea and through its branches, into the lungs. In the lings, these branches divide further into smaller and smaller branches. At the end of the last branches, there are air sacs or alveoli. Between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity, there is an organ like a flexible sheet. It is called the diaphragm.

The diaphragm and its movement : When the diaphragm moves down- ward, we breath in and the incoming air fills the alveoli in the lungs. When the diaphragm moves upwards, air in the lungs is pushed out. 

Exchange of Gasses : When the outside air reaches the alveoli, the oxygen in it passes into the thin blood vessels around the alveoli. With the blood, it is carried to all parts pf the body. At the same time, the carbon dioxide that is brought by the blood from all parts of the body enters the air in the alveoli. When we exhale, the carbon dioxide is also given out with the air. In this way, an exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases takes place in the alveoli.

Dust and smoke particles may be present in the air in the atmosphere. There may even be disease producing micro - organisms. They are harmful for the body. The inner lining of the respiratory organs has fine hair like structures called cilia. In this inner lining, there is also a layer of a sticky substance called mucous. The dust and smoke particles stick to this substance. Thus, the harmful substances in the air cannot reach the lungs.

The effects of smoking : If one keeps smoking over a long period of time, the toxic substances in the smoke collect in the respiratory tract. As a result, the air that enters the lungs is not sufficiently purified and the impurities in the air begin to accumulate in the lungs. As a result, the efficiency of the lunge is reduced. The likelihood of getting disease of the lungs increases.  The solid particles in the tobaccos smoke from the cigarette or bidi form a sticky layer inside the alveoli. This reduces the amount of oxygen supplied to the body. In addition, some toxic substances in the tobacco also enter the alveoli. These ill effects lead to diseases of respiratory organs including life - threatening diseases like lung cancer.

Passive smoking : If there are people around us who smoke, then we may have to face the consequences of smoking even if we do not smoke ourselves. That is why, there is now a ban on smoking in public places.

Gland - An organ that secretes a certain substance.

Digestion : Let us now learn something about the alimentary canal, the digestive organs and their functions.

The Alimentary Canal : The food we eat is digested in our body. That is, substances that can mix with the blood are formed from the food. This process takes place in different parts of a long and flexible tube inside our body. This tube is called the alimentary canal. The upper end of this tube is the mouth and the lower end is called the anus. Even if there is a continuous tube going from the mouth to the anus, the shape of this tube is not the same in all its parts.

          The different part of the alimentary canal have different structures and functions. These different parts are called the digestive organs. Certain glands outside the alimentary canal assist the process of digestion.

Digestive organs : The process of digestion behinds as soon as food is taken into the mouth. The teeth, tongue and saliva all help to concert food into a soft moist ball called a bolus which is easy to swallow. The bolus passes through the esophagus into the stomach. The stomach is shaped like a bag. Here, the food churned. The digestive juices in the stomach bring about some digestive processes. At the same time, some disease producing germs in the food. are also destroyed. The food changes into a thin slurry in the stomach. Then it passes into the small intestine. The small intestine of an adult is about 7 meters long. The digestive juices in the inters tine bring about several digestive processes. The secretions of some glands also help the process of digestion. As a result of all these digestive processes, certain substances are produced. These are useful to the body and can mix with the blood. In the small intestine, they are absorbed in to the blood. The remaining substances pass into the large intestine. The large intestine of an adult is about one and a half meters long. Here, much of the water in the remaining substances is absorbed into the body and fasces or stools are formed. The fasces collects in the rectum for some time. Later, they are expelled from the body through the anus. 

1) A sufficient quantity of water is necessary for the processes of digestion to take place properly as well as for the food to keep moving through the alimentary canal. If one does not drink enough water, one becomes constipated, i.e. one passes hard stool or does not pass it regularly. None of the other tasks in the body can go on without water. The water that is absorbed during digestion is the water that is used for all other processes in the body. That is why it is so important to drink adequate quantities of water. 2) The upper ends of both the esophagus and the windpipe open in the throat next to each other. When food is swallowed, the wind - pipe remains closed. But, when we eat in a hurry, the food may enter the windpipe and cause us to choke on it. That is the reason why we must not eat in a hurry, We must also avoid speaking and eating at the same time. 3) If we want healthy teeth, we need to look after them Every tooth has a covering of enamels which protects the delicate inner parts of the tooth. Enamel is the hardest substance in our body. But if we do not keep our teeth clean, even this enamel corrodes and teeth decay. 4) While having our meals, we enjoy many different tastes and flavors'. We sense them using our tongue and nose. But, sometimes we find that a food item tastes or smells bad. It may be because the food is spoilt. One should pay attention to such changes in food, In case the food has really gone bad, one can avoid eating it.

Systems in the body : You have seen how several organs work together to bring about respiration. If even one of these organs does not function properly, the process of respiration will not be completed. A group of organs which work together to carry out a function of the body is called a system. Thus, the nose, trachea, lungs and the diaphragm together make up the respiratory system.

Energy for the body : As a result of respiration, oxygen enters the blood in the body and spreads to all parts of the body. Substances formed in the process of digestion also mix with the blood and reach all parts of the body. Of these, some substances act as fuel for the body. When the oxygen in the blood reaches the different parts of the body, it helps the slow burring of these substances, giving energy to the body. The body uses this energy to carry out all its tasks.

Circulation of blood : The blood carries the oxygen obtained from the air and the energy - giving substances in our food to all parts of the body. But, what keeps the blood flowing ? You know that the heart continually contracts and relaxes for this very purpose. A network that consists of tubes or 'vessels' that carry blood away from the heart and those that bring blood back to the heart is spread throughout the body. The process of keeping the blood flowing through app parts of the body is called 'blood circulation'. Apart from oxygen, blood carries innumerable other substances from one part of the body to another all the time. That too is made possible by the circulation of blood. The heart and the network of blood vessels together form the 'circulatory system'. As long as we are alive, the process of blood circulation goes on continuously, day and night.

The Nervous system : The functions of the respiratory, circulatory and digestive systems are vital for the body. They have to be carried out ceaselessly. There are some tasks that we carry out only when we like, for example, speaking, running, studying, playing, etc. You have learnt that co-ordination means paying attention to all the different functions and ensuring that they all occur at the right time and in the right manner. Maintaining this co-ordination is the function of the brain. There is a network that connects the brain with all the different parts of the body. This is a network of nerves that carry messages to and from between the brain and the parts of the body. The brain and the network of nerves are together called the nervous system. The nervous system function to co-ordinate all our bodily functions.

Drinking alcohol has many ill effects on the body. It affects the nervous system leading to less of control over the movements of the body and lack of co-ordination. That is why, it is dangerous to drive after drinking alcohol. If one keeps drinking alcohol for a long period of time, it causes ulcers on the inner lining of the digestive organs. It can also seriously affect the functions of the liver and kidneys.

Other systems in the body : We have learnt something about the respiratory system, the digestive system, the circulatory system and the system that co-ordinates the functions of all the system - the nervous system. Besides these, there are several other systems in our body. For example, the skeletal system gives support and shape to the body and protects the important organs inside it. The excretory system expels the waste substances that are formed in the body. The working of all these systems is extremely complex, but it is important to have information about them.

Always Remember - If the function of any one of our systems is disturbed, it affects all the other systems in the body too.

Conclusion : 1) A group of organs that together carry out some function of the body is called a system. 2) The nose, trachea, lungs and diaphragm are organs that form the respiratory system.3) The mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus and certain glands outside the alimentary canal are the organs of the digestive sustem.4) Other system like the circulatory system the skeletal system, the excretory system also take care of other important function of our body.5) The nervous system co-ordinates all the functions of the body. 5) For us to lead a healthy life, all our system must function smoothly.

      We hope that the Article will receive a warm welcome from students, readers, and parents. Enjoy reading...