Look Around !
There are many places of importance around us. We visit holy places like churches, mosques, gurudwaras, and many other places. We see hospitals, markets, schools, colleges, banks, shopping centers, shopping malls and multiplexes. Multiplexes are movie theatres which have many screens. Hospitals are places where there are many doctors and nurses. They look after the patients. There are factories, offices, restaurants, hotels, post offices, railway stations, airports and seaports. We buy postage stamps, postcards and envelopes at the post - office. There are also high - rise buildings, parks, gardens, club houses, museums and monuments around us. We see bicycles, mopeds. scooters, cards, buses, auto - rickshaws and trucks on the road.
Learning Outcome : To develop observation skills.
Communication
We communicate with others by speaking, writing, seeing, reading, and through our actions. When the school bell rings, we know that the period in class has just begun or has come to an end. In the olden days, messages were sent from place to place through pigeons. These pigeons were trained and were known as messengers birds. Messages were written on paper and tied to the legs of the pigeons. Messages were also sent through men. They would go on horseback and carry messages from one place to another.
Importance of communication in modern life : Science has helped the modern world to communicate better. A telephone is the fastest means of communication. Radio and television help us to communicate with many people at the same time. They are good sources of news and information. They broadcast or telecast a variety of programmers and help us to know the weather forecast. They also provide us entertainment. We also communicate through letters. Postcards and airmails. Letters and parcels are carried by trains, ships or aero planes to many places both within and outside the country. Newspapers tell us what is happening around the world. There are many more new forms of communication, which help us to communicate quickly and easily. These are e-mails. telex and fax machines. E-mails are sent through computers. Nowadays. we have mobile phones which help us to communicate even while we are on the move. Satellites also help to send messages.
Do You know !!!!
Messages, like storm or thunder shower warnings, are announced on radio, television and in newspapers.
Transport and Communication
Transport and communication are a way for us humans to overcome the barrier of physical distance. It is an effective way to connect with people with no regard to the distance that separates them. Transport generally involves the movement of people or goods forms one place to another via a means of transport. On the other hand, communication is the passing of information or data from one source to another.
Transport usually involves means of transport such as roadways, railways, air travel etc. While the examples of means of communication are email, telephones, letters etc. Both transport and communication are complementary to each other. But they can also act like substitutes of one another. For example, if you can email the required information to a client, it eliminates the need to travel to go see him. Both transport and communication play major roles in our development and advancement in the last few decades. Thanks to some marvelous technological advancements that have happened in the last five decades, the quality, speed accuracy etc. of both transport and communication have been outstanding. Any developing economy like India must acutely focus on these two fields to make certain they face no difficulties in their economic and social growth and development.
Agent : A person acting as a link between a producer and a consumer. The consumers of any product are not located in one region. They are scattered over a vast area. In such situation it is difficult for the producer to reach the consumers. Therefore, it becomes necessary to have a link between the producers and consumers. The agents are this link.
Means of Transport and Communication
Centrifugal Force : A force that leads to the movement away from the center. The particles in rotating objects develop a tendency to move away from the center. Such a force which leads to outward motion in an objects is called centrifugal force.
We have to move from place to place. If the distance is short we walk. But to go distant places, We use some means of transport.
- In the villages bullock carts and horse carts carry people and their luggage from one place to another.
- In the sandy areas, camels carry people and their luggage from one place to another.
- In the cities we find many means of transport. People use cycles, motorcycles, cars, buses and autorickshaws to move from one place to another.
To carry goods people use hand carts, tempos and trucks.
The train runs at a great speed and can carry a lot of people. Heavy loads are transported in goods trains.
Marketing Management : The finished products produced by the producers have to reach markets in order to be available to the consumers, clients, partners and the entire society. All the processes involved in taking the finished products from the production areas to the markets are covered under the term marketing management. Marketing is useful for generating clients, maintaining and satisfying them.
Automobiles
The motor vehicles numbers in India are actually quite underwhelming. In spite of being the second most populated nation, only around 5% of families in India have a car. But this number is steadily growing over the years at the rate of almost 10% p.a. and the effects are already seen in the congested roads of the metro cities.
Railways
Roadways
These roadways are the backbone of commodity and goods transport in India. Trucks are still the most used transport vehicle especially for FMCG goods and perishable items. So the conditions and maintenance of these highways have a big impact on our economy as well.
Airways
The country also has about 80 domestic airports. The air travel in India has seen a huge increase in the last 10 years due to the economical pricing of tickets and availability of infrastructure. The aviation industry in India is highly regularized, but the government is looking to remedy the situation. Overall the situation looks promising for Indian air transport in the coming years.
Waterways
India is surrounded by the ocean on three sides, so water transport is quite prominent in India. Almost 95% of international trading in India happens via ships. There are twelve major ports in India with the Nhava Sava in Mumbai being the largest. Other than these there are about 200 minor ports throughout the coastline. India also has a sizable network of inland waterways which include canals, rivers backwaters etc. However, the use of these waterways is not utilized to its full capacity for commercial purposes. Inland waterways have some scope for development and must be looked into.
Tourism : A service occupation. Various services needed by the tourists in a region are provided as a part of this. These include lodging facilities, hospitality, transport, communication, etc. as also maintenance of tourist places.
Transport In India : India is a country of a vast population. The nearly 1,2 billion people in India means that the development and maintenance of transport and infrastructure are a humongous task for the government. In India, public transport remains the primary mode of transport for the common man.
Bedouin People : A nomadic tribe from the Arabian Desert.
Communication in India
Telecommunication
The three major branches of communication in India are telephones, television broadcast and internet. India has about 1.2 billion phone subscribers as of 2017, making it the second largest telecommunication system in the world! Due to recent innovation and a large number of users, the tariffs are also one of the lowest in the world India also has the second largest number of internet users in the world. It has about 450 million internet users, which is nearly 13.6% share of the global internet users. Recent developments since 2016 have made internet subscriptions and mobile networks very cheap. This has greatly helped with market penetration.
Since the privatization drive of 1990, India's television industry has seen a complete overhaul. What started with only one channel, Doordarshan now is a global network of thousands and thousands of channels and platforms. Even today T.V. broadcast is believed to be the most far - reaching and penetrative source of communication, especially in the rural sectors.
Transport and Communication of the World
But the trouble now is the sustainable development of transport and communication. Better transport and communication facilities can help improve billions of lives around the world. Especially in the rural areas and massively underdeveloped countries (like in Central Africa), these facilities can potentially save lives.
But the trouble we face at a global level is to develop these facilities without causing environmental harm to the planet. Do you transport accounts for almost 25% of the CO2 EMISSIONS OF THE WORLD? Also, the facilities have to be accessible as well as affordable or they can erode the prosperity of a region. The UN and the World Bank are actively trying to bring about the necessary changes in the transport and communication of the world.
Transportation :Transportation is the act or means of carrying persons or goods from one place to another. There are different means of transport. We need means of transport to go from one place to another. Many, many years ago, there were no wheels, people used to walk on foot or used camels, donkeys and horses to travel from one place to another. Logs were used to pull things on the ground.
Then came the idea of the wheel. Transport become easier with the wheel. There were bullock carts and horse carriages.
Moving on land
Nowadays, people travel by trains, buses, cars, etc. to go from one place to another. Trains move on railway tracks. They stop at railway stations.
There are diesel trains and electric trains. Buses, cars and autorickshaws move on the road. Cars for public transport are called taxis. There are motorbikes, scooters, bicycles and trucks also moving on the road. Cars autorickshaws, motorbikes, buses, trucks and scooters use petrol and diesel.
Moving on water
People use boats, motorboats and ships to move on water. Some ships carry goods from one place to another.
Up in the air
People travel by Aeroplan's and helicopters also. These are the fastest means of transport. The Aeroplan lands at the airport.
Transportation of goods
We use hand carts, trucks, tempos, goods trains, ships and planes to transport goods from one place to another.
Transport For Public Service
Fire engines, ambulances and garbage vans are all useful to us.
Means of Transport : We used different means and modes of transport at different times in history. The means of transport we use nowadays are faster and safer than the older ones. The invention of the wheel is an important step in the progress of mankind. Even if the modern means of transport have been invented in modern times, in some parts of world, men and animals are still used for the purpose of transport. Pipes are used to transport the substances like water and gas.
Communication means : Obtaining or sending various types of information is called communication. A few centuries ago, messages were sent by tying a letter to the foot of a pigeon. In later times. telegrams and the postal services came into use. Nowadays we use radio, television, internet, newspapers, mobile phones, etc. for communication. In the beginning , man used gestures ad facial expressions and different kinds of sounds to communicate. Later, the language was developed and man started communicating by using language. After spoken language, man invented writing and man started communicating with the written language. Carving was also used as a mean of communication. Like man, animals such as cats, dogs, sparrows and cows make different sounds to communicate different messages.
Are We Endangering our Environment?
The Progress made by human being : Man is the most intelligent animals. He makes use of his intelligence to make his life more comfortable. About 150 years ago researchers found out how to use mineral oil. Men then invented many vehicles that would run on fuel. Man also developed the railway engine that would run on coal. Previously, animals were used for transportation. Now, we use modern means of transport that help to save both time and labor. The things we need to satisfy our various wants are obtained from forests, farms, mines and factories. Sometimes, waste water from factories is let into rivers. This has an adverse effect on the environment. This further has ill-effects on all living things.
Growth in population : In the last sixty years, the population of our country has tripled. So demand for all goods and services is growing fast. People from the villages are migrating to cities in search of employment. This has made the cities overcrowded. Cities are experiencing the problem of shortage of water and houses. There used to be open spaces and fields around the cities. To build new colonies in cities, trees there had to be cut down. In cities, one has to travel long distances to get to work. Therefore, some people in cities use vehicles that run on fuels. These vehicles spew out smoke as they are driven around . This increases the air pollution in cities. Due to air pollution, some people suffer from breathing problems. Due to cutting down of trees, birds do not find places to build their nests. So, now there are fewer and fewer birds noticed in cities. Sometimes, drainage system in cities fails. Then water collects in the midst of living areas. Mosquitoes grow in it. They spread diseases like malaria, dengue, filaria, chikungunya, etc.
Ground water is drying up : Water is an important need of all living beings. We need water for keeping ourselves and our houses clean. Water is also needed for cooking, farming industry and construction. As the rainy season ends, the water in rivers decrease. Many Villages face problem of scarcity of water. The population keeps growing The rainfall however, remains the same, So we face problem of shortage of water. Now, the use of pumps to life the groundwater has become widespread. Populating growth has also created a problem of shortage of food. Nowadays three crops are grown per year. This has increased the production of crops. However, this has reduced the stock of groundwater.
Traditional Methods of drawing Water : We experience scarcity of water after the rains . Rainwater that has seeped into the ground is used in summer and winter. Wells and borewells are constructed to use seeped rainwater. In the Maharashtra [ kk] region, in most of the villages, a horizontal beam is placed over the mouth of the well. It supports a large wooden wheel which turns around. This wheel is called rahat. A chain of several pots [gadge] is fixed on the rahat. As the rahat turns, each gadge gets filled up, comes up and turns over and the water gets poured into a channel. This traditional method of drawing water is known as 'rahat-gadge'. A most is a large leather bag. It is lowered into the water at the end of a rope. When it is full, it is lifted out of the well. Bullocks move to and from on a ramp to lower the mot and life it. Nowadays mot is used in very few places in Maharashtra.
Transport : >< :
You will see that walking takes the most time and you have to put in labour to carry your own things. Using a vehicle saves time and effort. You must have also realized that we need to use fuels in automobiles. This causes air and noise pollution. It means that different modes of transport have different advantages and disadvantages. In today's high speed world we have to depend on several modes of travel and transportation of good. Modern means of transport have many advantages.
- Work gets done sooner.
- Time and effort are saved.
- Trade is facilitated.
- Different parts of the world are now connected due to transport facilities.
- The transport of good even on a global level has become simple and easy.
- As so many things are easily available, the lifestyle of people has improved.
- The facilities of tourers, health, education etc. have become speedier.
Due to the various means of transport, the world has come closer.
You must have realized that there is constant traffic on busy roads. Due to the burning of fuel in the vehicles they constantly emit smoke and some poisonous gases. These gases mainly include carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and Sulphur dioxide. Similarly, minute particles of carbon and lead are also released into he air. An excess of these substances lowers the quality of air in the environment. This is what we call air pollution. Air pollution affects animals and plants in the following ways :
- Trachea, lung and eye disorders, e.g. burning of the eyes.
- The leaves of plants shrivel up and fall. Sprouts get scorched. The growth and development of plants is affected adversely.
- Constant traffic through forest areas can harm the habitat of plants and animals living there. The wild animals in these forests begin to migrate elsewhere.
- The constant sounds of vehicles create noise on a large scale. It causes ill effects such as restlessness, irritability, headaches, lack of concentration, psychological disorders. etc.
- If there are traffic jams, air and noise pollution in that area increases. Traffic accidents cause injuries', deaths and damage to the vehicles.
we realize that we should cultivate habits such as walking short distances or riding a bicycle for slightly longer distances. In this way, we can avoid the use of fuel - burning vehicles and reduce pollution. At other times, using public or private transport can save time and effort. In this way. we can reduce the severity of the harmful effects of transportation. The following are some more remedies for reducing
pollution.
- Using fuels that cause less pollution.
- Timely maintenance and repair of vehicles.
- Using public transport as far as possible.
- Using private vehicles only when necessary.
- Planting trees, especially indigenous or local varieties like banyan, peepul, neem, Karanj, etc. and caring for them. These tress adapt easily to the local environment and help in enhancing biodiversity.
- Avoiding fuels that cause pollution ; using fuels such as LPG or CNG for vehicles.
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