Understanding Clocks - 2019 old History

         (Directions And Maps) ( Understanding Time)

         A most heart welcome ! We are happy to place this post. One is the beginning and foundation of education, To establish this foundation you should be able to read in English properly. The skills of observation, thinking and analysis are important for learning this post well. Keep using and refining them.  Maps, charts, graphs, diagrams, information and communication are tools for learning this  post.  Get well acquainted with them. Do warry out the easy tasks and activities given in this post for you. Many things that you have learnt in your  will help you to learn from this post. Do keep them in mind.

Wish you all the best !

Learning Outcome : To improve observation skills.

Understanding Time

        Time has three parts. What has gone by is the past. What is going on now is the present. What is yet to come is the future. 'Today is Monday'. The word 'today' shows the present time. 'Tomorrow is my birthday'. The word 'tomorrow' shows the future. 'Yesterday, Granny told me a story'. The word 'yesterday' shows the past. Time can be understood using means such as calendars, school timetables, etc.

1. A Statue, 2. Coins, 3. Shards of pottery.
          It is important to understand 'time' for studying history. Sometimes, old statues, coins, shards of pottery, etc. are found while digging the foundation of a building. These things are studied carefully. Through these studies, we come to know about the period of time to which they belong.

Use your brain power ! Today's newspaper becomes old tomorrow. But, if we cannot remember a particular fact, we search through old newspapers to find the information we need. This means that today's newspaper will, tomorrow, become an important means of getting to know history.

How do we measure time ?

        To understand time, we divide it into seconds-minutes-hours, day and night, fortnight, month, year. In this way, time can be measured. Water-clocks, clocks and the calendar are instruments of measuring time.  A water-clock,  An hourglass,  A calendar.
     
      In the fourteenth century, the hourglass came into use in Europe. It consisted of two connected glass vessels fitted in a wooden frame. Dry fine sand was poured into one of the vessels. The connecting hole between the vessels allowed the sand in the top vessel to fall into the lower vessel. The hourglass was constructed in such a way that it took one hour for all the sand to fall from one vessel into the other. The clock was turned over as soon as all the sand had fallen into the lower vessel. This is how a period of one hour was measured. These clocks were used in India, too.

        Important Points

1.  It is difficult to understand the location of an object based on answers like ' on the right', 'on the left', in front of ' or 'behind'. It is easy to understand the location of an object with the help of directions.
2. East, West, north and south are the four main directions. The direction in which the sun rises is the east. The direction in which the sun sets is the west. If we stand facing the east, the west is behind us. The north is to our left and the south is to our right.
3. A compass is also used to determine the directions. The magnetic needle in a compass always lies in the north-south direction.
4. The directions are always shown in a map. An arrow in a map always points to the north. Before reading a map, the directions on a map have to be aligned with the direction of the surroundings.
5. The earth is also called the ' World' There are many continents and oceans on the earth.
6. There are many countries in each continent. Each country is made up of several states. India too, is made up of many states. We live in the state of Maharashtra. Each state is made up of several districts. Each district is made up of several talukas. Each taluka is made up of several cities, villages and settlements.
7. Symbols, Pictures, signs and different shades of colour are used to present the information in a map. A list of these symbols, signs, shades of colour, etc. given along with a map is called an index. 

               An index helps us to read a map.

        Understanding Time  & ( Important Points)

         Time is the continued sequence of existence and events that occurs in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, to compare the duration of events or the intervals between them, and to quantify rates of rates of change of quantities in material reality or in the conscious experience. Time is often referred to as a fourth dimension, along with three spatial dimensions. Time has long been an important subject of study in religion, philosophy, and science, but defining it in a manner applicable to all fields without circularity has consistently eluded scholars. Nevertheless, diverse fields such as business, industry, sports, the sciences, and the performing arts all incorporate some notion of time into their respective measuring systems. Time in physics is operationally defined as " what a clock reads". 

          The physical nature of time is addressed by general relativity with respect to events in spacetime. Examples of events are the collision of two particles, the explosion of a supernova, or the collision of two particles, the explosion of a supernova, or the arrival of a rocket ship. Every event can be assigned four numbers representing its time and position (the event's coordinates ). However, the numerical values are different for different observers. In general relativity, the question of what time it is now only has meaning relativity to a particular observer. Distance and time are intimately related, and the time required for light to travel a specific distance is the same for all observers, as first publicly demonstrated by Michelson and Morley.

 
      General relativity does not first publicly demonstrated by Michelson and Morley. General relativity does not address the nature of time for extremely small intervals where quantum mechanics holds. At this  time, there is no generally accepted theory of quantum general reactivity. Time is one of the seven fundamental physical quantities in both the International System of Units (SI) and International System of Quantities. The SI base unit of time is the second, which is defined by measuring the electronic transition frequency of cesium atoms. Time is used to define other quantities, such as velocity, so defining time in terms of such quantities would result in circularity of definition. An operational definition of time, wherein one says that observing a certain number of repetitions of one or another standard cyclical event (such as the passages of a free-swinging pendulum) constitutes one standard unit such as the second, is highly useful in the conduct of both advanced experiments and everyday affairs of life. To describe observations of an event, a location (Position in space) and time are typically noted. 

        The operational definition of time does not address what the fundamental nature of it is. It does not address why events can happen forward and backward in space, whereas events only happen in the forward progress of time. Investigations into the relationship between space and time led physicists to define the spacetime continuum. General relativity is the primary framework for understanding how spacetime works. Through advance in both theoretical and experimental investigations of spacetime, it has been shown that time can be distorted and dilated, particularly at the edges of black holes.

 Important Points

1. Time is expressed as divided into the past, the present and the future. What has gone by is the past. What is going on now is the present. What is yet to come is the future.
2. For measuring the time we use units such as second, minute, hour, day, week, fortnight, month, and year. Clocks, calendars and school timetables are some useful means to understand the time.
3. The hourglass was used in Europe to measure time during the fourteenth century. These were used in India, too. Hourglass was used to measure time of one hour.
4. It is important to understand 'time' for studying history. Old statues, Coins, shards of pottery, etc. are the important means to know about the period to which they belong. Anything of the present time becomes a part of history in the future.

  Getting To Know The Place We Live In

                                             Important Points

1. In Olden days man lived a nomadic life. Gradually man learnt farming and the Settlements began to grow. There was growth in different Kinds of work due to development in farming. The work was divided among the people. This led to emergence of artisans engaged in different Occupations.

2. There are a variety of historical buildings such as temples, Caves, mosques, churches, memorials, Forts, museums, etc. in a village. The historical buildings in a village are treasures. It is necessary to protect these building. Every year, 18th April is celebrated as 'World Heritage Day'. Everyone Should take care of World Heritage Sites.

3. Many Villages in Maharashtra have become famous because of  some unique features they have. They have become famous because of the historical buildings, religious places, fair, markets, famous people, etc. it has.

4. People in villages are dependent on weekly markets for their daily needs. Bullock carts, buses, automobiles, etc. are used to carry goods to weekly markets. people meet one another at the weekly market and enquiry about each other's well-being.

                                  Direction, Distance and Time

        We have public and natural places in our surroundings. In order to know the exact position and location of a place we have to refer to their directions and the distance. Also, we have divided the day into different parts. These parts can be referred to as 'time'.

Directions :

1. There are four main direction.
2. They are East, West, North and South.
3. The directions are opposite to each other:

The east is opposite the west.

The north is opposite the South.

4.Every day the sun rises in the morning in the east.

5.Every day the sun sets in the evening in the west.

Distance :

1. The houses in the city are close by to each other.
2. The houses in the villages are Far away from each other.
3. Rahul's house is close to the school, so he walks to the school.
4. Sania's house is Far away from the school, so she comes to the school on a bicycle.
5. The teacher's house is quite far away from the school, so he comes to the school by bus.

Remember :

        When we use the words near, far, far away, quite far away, we refer to the distance of a place.

Time :

             We know about day and night. The day has light and the night has darkness. By just referring to day and night we cannot understand the time. The day time has been divided into three major parts and the night time has been divided into three major parts.

1. The day time has been divided into morning, afternoon and evening.
2. The night time has been divided into night, midnight and dawn.

Use of directions in maps :

         In a map, directions are always shown. They are indicated with the help of an arrow pointing north. The directions on the map have to be matched with the directions on the ground before reading the map. That is, the map must be aligned with the directions on the ground.

District, State and Country : 'India is my country'. We have been reading this sentence in the pledge ever since Standard One. You must have read the words, 'State', 'nation' and  'World'. In this post too, you will find the words, 'earth'. 'world'. 'Country' ,'State', 'district', 'taluka 'and' village' in many places. Come, let us get to know 'district', 'state', 'Country', 'the earth' and 'world'.

         We live in a house. Our houses are built on land. This land is spread very far and wide. A vast section of land on the earth is called a continent. Like continents, salt water too occupies the surface of the earth. This part is called 'ocean'. The earth is also called the 'world'. There are many countries on the land on the earth. The countries are made up of several States. We live in the State of Maharashtra. Our country, India, is made up of many such States. Maps of your district, Maharashtra State, India and the world have been given in this lesson. Complete the activities based on the maps.

The index in a map : Symbols, pictures, signs and different shades of colors are used to present the information in a map. A list of these symbols, etc. is given along with the map. This list is called the index. The index helps us to understand the map.

        We made use of the rising sun to determine directions. Other components of nature can also be of help to us.

      We hope that our humble effort to inspire, encourage and ignite the minds of our very young students will be appreciated by parents.