Shivaji Maharaj ............ [ Maharashtra before Shivaji ] 2019

          Shivaji Maharaj

    "Shivaji did not belong to Maharashtra alone; he belonged to the whole Indian nation. Shivaji was not an ambitious ruler anxious to establish a Kingdom for himself but a patriot inspired by a vision and political ideas derived from the teachings of the ancient philosophers. He studied the merits and faults of the systems of administration in Kingdoms existing at the time and determined his own policies and administration in the light of that Knowledge.  A devout Hindu, he was tolerant of other religions and established a number of endowments for maintaining sacred places belonging to them. As a general he was undoubtedly one of the greatest in Indian history ; he saw the need for and raised a navy to guard his coastline and to fight against the British and the Dutch. Pratap gad Fort built in 1656 stands today as a monument to his military genius.

        Shri Shivaji is a symbol of many virtues, more especially of love of country."

• Shivaji Maharaj
• Maharashtra before Shivaji
• Shivaji's Childhood
• Shivaji with his Friends
• Shivaji's Education
• The Oath of Swaraj
• Swaraj : First Conquest
• Defeat of Internal Enemies
• Pratap gad makes History
• Baji Prabhu and the Memorable Battle of Ghodkhind
• The Discomfiture Of Shaistakhan
• The Siege of Purandar and the Treaty with the Moghul Emperor
• Shivaji gives the slip to the Emperor
• The Fort is Captured but the Lion is Dead.
• A Memorable Ceremony
• Campaign in the South
• The People's Protector Is No More

 Maharashtra before Shivaji

Maharashtra before Shivaji

         Shivaji Maharaj Was a great man. We celebrate his birth anniversary with great pomp and reverence. It is a happy day for you children. You sing songs and 'posadas' in his honors. You garland his picture and say 'Shivaji Maharaj Ki Jai'. Who was this Shivaji Maharaj ? What was the great work he did that we celebrate his birthday every year ?  The time in which Shivaji Maharaj lived was that of the medieval period. In those days, monarchy or the rule of Kings prevailed everywhere. Many of the Kings pursued their own pleasures and enjoyments instead of the welfare of their subjects . But even in those days, there were some Kings who looked after the welfare of their subjects. The Moghul Emperor Akbar in the North and Emperor Krishnadevraya of Vijaynagar in the South are famous in history for their benevolent rule. Likewise, Shivaji Maharaj also commands great respect even today.

      Shivaji Maharaj established Swaraj in Maharashtra. Swaraj means self- government, our own rule. For about four hundred years before Shivaji Maharaj, Maharashtra was not free. A large portion of it was under the rule of the Nizamshah of Ahmadnagar and the Adilshah of Bijapur. These two Sultans had divided Maharashtra among themselves. They were not liberal in their outlook. They oppressed the people over whom they ruled. They were also sworn enemies of each other. They constantly fought against each other with the result that the people suffered and were harassed. The people could not get enough to eat, nor could they celebrate their festivals or worship their gods openly and freely. They were not sure of safety even in their own homes. There was injustice everywhere. In Maharashtra, there were many Watandars like Deshmukhs and Deshpande's who owned Jagirs. They loved only their Jagirs and not their country . The constant fighting among them brought great misery to the people. There was misrule everywhere. People were tired of this oppression and were very unhappy. Shivaji Maharaj saw all this. He undertook the noble task of establishing Swaraj in Maharashtra which would bring happiness to the people. He first brought to book the Watandars who fought among themselves. He then used them in his plan to establish Swaraj. He fought against the Powers that oppressed the people, and defeated them. He established 'Hindavi Swaraj' based on justice, fair play and equal treatment to people of all castes and religions. Shivaji Maharaj made no distinction between Hindus and Muslims. He honored the saints of all religions. We draw inspiration from these noble deeds of Maharaj. During a period of about three to four hundred years before Shivaji Maharaj, many saints were born in Maharashtra. Their work helped Shivaji Maharaj in his successful effort of establishing Swaraj.

Shivaji's Childhood

 

  The Birthplace of Shivaji Maharaj at Fort Shivneri

 Birth of Shivaji : Those were very unsettled days. Shahjahan from the North had dispatched a big army to conquer the Deccan. Pune, the principal town of Shahaji Raje's Jagir was burned to the ground by Adilshah of Bijapur. Shahaji Raje was in real trouble. He found himself between the devil and the deep, sea, and was constantly on the run. Jijabai was pregnant and the great question which worried Shahaji Raje was some place where she could remain in safety and peace. Then he remembered the Shivneri fort and decided to send Jiiabai there. Shivneri was a strong fort near Junnar in Pune district. It had steep cliffs on four sides, strong fortifications and massive doors. This strong fort was then in charge of Vijayraj, a relative of the Bhonsales. He agreed to give protection to Jijabai. So Shahaji Raje left her there and marched against the Moghuls. And then the golden day dawned. On the auspicious day of Phalgun Vadya Tritiya, in the year 1551 0f the Shaka era, that is, on 19 February 1630, to the sound of pipes and drums playing in the 'Nagar Khana', Jijabai gave birth to a son. All the residents of the fort were overjoyed. On the twelfth day, with appropriate ceremony, the child was named 'Shivaji' as the child was born on Fort Shivneri.

Shivaji's Childhood : Shivaji Passed the first six years of his life in highly unsettled conditions. Even so, Jijabai did not neglect his education. Every evening she would light the household lamps and then call Shivaji to her. She would shower all her affection on him and tell him stories of Rama and Krishna, of Bhim and Abhimanyu. On other occasions she would recite to him the devotional songs of Namdeo, Dnyaneshwar or Elnath. Shivaji liked to listen to the exploits of brave men. Shivaji felt that on growing up, he should also display velour like them. Jijabai used to tell him stories of many pious persons and saints That instilled in him, a respect and honors for all saints and great men .Children from poor families came to play with Shivaji. Sometimes he visited them in their huts and shared their simple meal of onion and bhakri with great relish. They invented interesting games to pass the time. The children of the Mavlas were like birds in the forest. They would imitate the sound of the cuckoo or parrot or tiger to perfection. Their pastime was building small forts of earth and making earther elephants and horses. They played hide and seek, or played with a ball or top. Shivaji joined them in all these games and became popular with them.

Shivaji with his Friends

Shahaji Raje towards the Moghuls : Shahaji Raje returned to Nizamshahi all right, but he did not get any peace of mind there. Nizamshah himself was a fickle- minded person who readily believed all gossip. Hence, many conspiracies and petty rivalries infested the court. This led to the Killing of Lakhujirao Jadhav openly in the court at the instigation of Nizamshah himself. Shahaji Raje could not withstand this. Infuriated, he left Nizamshahi and joined the Moghuls. Shahjahan, the Moghul Emperor, made him a Sardar at his court. In the meantime, secretly joining hands with the Moghuls, Fattekhan Killed Nizamshah. There was complete anarchy in the state. It became evident that Fattekhan was treacherously planning to enable the Moghuls to swallow Nizamshahi. In return, the Moghuls rewarded him with the territory under the control of Shahaji Raje. Shahaji Raje was enraged and so he left the services of the Moghuls. He decided to teach them a lesson using all his might.

Founding of a New Nizamshahi : In order to forestall the Moghul Emperor and Vazir Fattekhan, Shahaji Raje found out a child heir from the Nizam's family and on the fort of pemgiri near Junnar, declared him as the new Nizamshah. Thus, he established an altogether new Kingdom which included the territory between the rivers Godavari and Nira. Shahaji Raje fought vigorously to protect this new state. Initially, Adilshah was with him in these efforts. But later, the Moghul Emperor Shahjahan himself marched South upon Shahaji Raje and threatened Adilshah. Adilshah then signed a treaty of friendship with him against Shahaji Raje.  Shahaji Raje  now began to fight the joint forces of the Moghuls and Adilshah using guerrilla tactics. But he could not sustain the war all by himself. In 1636, unwillingly, he signed a treaty of peace with Moghuls. He could not create his own Kingdom as the times were not favorable for him. But his daring spirit kindled a confidence among the Marathi people. This proved useful for Shivaji in establishing Swaraj a few years later.

Jijabai and Shivaji in Karnatak : After the downfall of the Nizamshahi established by Shahaji Raje, its territory was divided by the Moghuls and Adilshah amongst themselves. Shahaji Raje's Jagir of Pune and Supe lay within Adilshah's share. He gave it to Shahaji Raje on his behalf. Now Shahaji Raje joined the Adilshahi services. Adilshah assigned to him, the task of conquering the territories in distant Karnatak, far away from Pune. Some time after the departure of Shahaji Raje to Karnatak, Jijabai and Shivaji also joined him there. 

 Shivaji's childhood in Maharashtra had been very hectic. He and Jijabai had to rush continuously from one fort to another. At that time, young Shivaji used to hear the stories of the brave deeds of his father. Jijabai and Shivaji got some peace when they arrived in Karnataka. Shahaji Raje defeated many kings in Karnataka. Adilshah awarded him with the Jagir of Bangalore. Shahaji Raje then made the city of Bangalore his headquarters. He lived there with all the trappings of a king and began to summon the court.

Shivaji's Education

  Beginning of Shivaji's Education : Shahaji Raje himself was a scholar of Sanskrit. In the Bangalore court, he had under his patronage, artists and scholars of various languages. He appointed intelligent teachers for Shivaji. Shivaji's education began when he became seven years old. Soon, Shivaji became skilled in the art of reading and writing. He began to read the stories from 'Ramayan','Mahabharat' and 'Bhagwat', on his own. To teach him warfare, Shahaji Raje had appointed some teachers. They began to teach Shivaji to ride a horse, to wrestle, to use swords and Dandpatta. Thus, at the age of twelve, Shivaji became acquainted with different branches of learning and arts. Soon, Adilshah sent Shahaji Raje on an expedition to conquer the Stated of the Nayakas  (local chiefs) in Karnataka. Before setting out upon the expedition, Shahaji Raje Sent Shivaji and Jijabai to Pune. With them, he sent elephants, horses, an infantry, a treasury, a flag, as also trusted ministers, brave generals and renowned teachers.

Rejuvenation of Pune : Jijabai and Shivaji returned to Pune. Shivaji remembered his childhood days which he had spent on Shivneri. He could see the lofty peaks of the Sahyadri again and he became very happy. Pune at that time was not such a big city. It was totally devastated by Shahaji Raje's enemies. Properties were damaged. Houses were demolished. Temples had collapsed. The frightened people had fled from their villages. Fields had become barren. Thick forests had grown. Wolves roamed in the countryside. Pune, thus, was totally in shambles and ruins. When the people living around came to know that Jijabai has returned to Pune with Shivaji, they took heart. Jijabai called all of them and reassured them that they would be safe in Pune. People started settling in Pune, cultivating their lands. Jijabai had the dilapidated temples repaired. In the temples, worship began morning and evening. The town was again throbbing with people. Thus, Pune was totally transformed.

The Achievements of Dadaji Konddev : When Jijabai and Shivaji were in Karnataka, Dadaji Konddev looked after the Pune Jagir. He was the 'Subhedar' of Kandan also. He was very faithful. He was strict, efficient and honest in his work. He was also just, and a strict disciplinarian. He served with devotion. At about this time, a big wade or residence was built in Pune by the orders of Shahaji Raje. It came to be known as 'Lal Mahal'. To encourage the peasants to till their lands, Dadaji gave them concessions in the land tax for a few years. He offered prizes for destroying the wolves which infested the countryside and harassed the peasants. Many wolves were killed. He raised peasant patrols to protect life and property from gangs of thieves who roamed the countryside. He fixed land revenue according to the quality of the soil. He thus made the people happy. In the fields of agricultural reform and revenue collection, the work done by Dadaji Konev and the Nizamshahi Vazir Malik Amber is considered to be very important.

Shivaji's Education : When Shivaji returned to Pune, his education continued under the supervision of Jijabai. While returning from Bangalore, Jijabai and Shivaji were accompanied by eminent teachers sent by Shahaji Raje. They taught him many sciences, branches of learning and languages. Shivaji acquired the Knowledge of excellent administration, war tactics, fort architecture, selection of horses and elephants, ways of escaping from difficult enemy territories and many other things. Shivaji's progress in education pleased Jijabai very much.

What Veermata Jijabai Taught Shivaji : Jijabai was no ordinary woman. She was the daughter of the mighty Sardar Lakhujirao Jadhav and the wife of the brave and valiant Shahaji Raje. She had inherited the Knowledge of politics and warfare from her infarct. In her was witnessed the confluence of the martial tradition of the famous Houses of the Jadhavs and Bhonsales. She was a freedom loving person with a great sense of pride. She had learnt through bitter experience that however much a Maratha Sardar displayed velour, it was not appreciated in the courts of the Sultans. She had valiantly faced the shock of her father's murder in the open court at the instigation of Nizamshah. She had resolved that her son Shivaji would never be engaged in the services of others He would establish the rule of his own people  - Swaraj. She was bringing up Shivaji with that ideal. The people living in the Maval region were called Mavlas. They were loyal, hardworking and quick-footed. No one could surpass them in hardiness. But they were harassed by the Sultans' rule. The armies of the Sultans used to plunder their villages, forcing the people to abandon their places. Nobody cared for them. SHIVAJI YEARNED TO DO SOMETHING FOR THESE POOR. MISERABLE PEOPLE. On returning home, Shivaji would talk about this to his mother. Jijabai would say. "Shivba, Shri Ramchandra is the ancestor of the Bhonsales. Rama killed Ravan and made his people happy. The ancestor of the Jadhavs is Shri Krishna. He killed Kan and brought relief to his people. You are a descendant of both Shri Rame and Shri Krishna. You also destroy the wicked and make your subjects happy."

             These words of Jijabai were a source of inspiration to young Shivaji. He would remember the brave deeds of heroes of the past like Rame, Krishna, Bhim, Arjun. He thought of them all the time, whether asleep or awake. He felt that he, too, must fight against injustice as they did, and like them, destroy the wicked and bring happiness to his subjects He thought that he should become courageous and brave like these heroes of old.

The New Regime of Shivaji : In pune Jagir, the new regime of Shivaji began under the guidance of Jijabai. Shahaji Raje had already made the preparations for this. When Shahaji Raje sent Shivaji from Bangalore to Pune, he sent some very powerful and prestigious people with him. They were Samraj Neelkanth Peshwe, Balkrishna Hanamante Muzumdar, Mankoji Dahatonde Sarnobat, Raghunath Ballal Sabnis, Sonopant Dabir. These were all able men fit to administer an independent kingdom. Shahaji Raje had specially deputed them to Pune to help Shivaji govern his Jagir efficiently. With thrive help, Shivaji began to administer his Jagir, to attend the people's grievances. Those who inflicted injustice upon the rote were punished. In a way, Shavaji Raje's Jagir was undergoing a transformation. The Mavlas got a glimpse of the future 'Swaraj'. It was, as it were, the dawn of Swaraj.

Shivaji's Marriage : In those days, people married at  a very early age. So, Jijamata said, "We should now get Shivba married. " Then a search for a suitable bride for Shivba began. Soon she found the girl she wanted Her name was Saibai. Saibai came from the Nimbalkar family of Phaltan. The marriage was celebrated with great splendor.

The Oath of Swaraj

The Fiery Eloquence of Young Shivaji: Shivaji was still quite young but his mind was already busy planning big things. He opened his mind to his playmates and said, "My dear friends, today I am going to talk to you about something which is in my mind for a long time. My father Shahaji Raje is a Sardar at the court of Bijapur. It is he who has given me the chare of this Jagir. Everything is going on well and peacefully. But, friends, I am not happy. Must we always remain satisfied as bondmen of the Sultan? Must we always eat out of other people's hand? We are surrounded on all sides by foreign kingdoms which are constantly at war. Our people get killed for nothing during these wars and family after family gets uprooted. Our country suffers destruction. And what do we get out of all this? Nothing but slavery. How long shall we continue to tolerate this? How long shall we lay down our lives for others  ? Shall we allow this to continue just fir the sake of a small Wotan ? What have you to say about all this ?"

          Shivaji was speaking with great emotion and his face was red with anger. In the middle of his speech he stopped and looked at his companions. The young Navlas gathered there in the inner sanctum of Raireshwar were greatly thrilled by Shivaji's speech. They had seen a new vision. One of them said. "Our young prince, tell us clearly whatever is in your mind. We are prepared. We are anxious to do your bidding. " ''Yes Raje." they all said with one voice, ''We are with you, we shall do whatever you say at the cost of our lives if need be !''

The Oath of Swaraj : Shivaji got fresh inspiration from their words. Looking at each one of them he said, '' Friends, our path is clear. We shall all strive to attain our ideal, work for it till it is achieved. All should be ready even to sacrifice their lives for this ideal which is ' Hindavi Swaraj'. We will have our own Raj, yours and mine and everybody's. We refuse to live as slaves any more. Let us take this oath with Lord Raireshwar as witness; we give ourselves completely to the great task of establishing our own Raj, Swaraj.  The temple echoed the words of Shivaji. "God thinks that this Kingdom should take shape as Hindavi Swaraj. We shall see that God's wish is fulfilled."

            So the Mavlas left the temple. committed to the oath of freedom, of Swaraj. The mind of Shivaji was filled with great joy. As soon as he reached Pune he want straight to Lal Mahal to see his mother. He described to her all that took place at Raireshwar. Overjoyed, Jijibai thought with satisfaction that Shivaji would accomplish what was always in her mind.

Preparations in the Naval Valley : Shivaji soon got busy with his new activities. Along with his comrades he started intensive training in swordsmanship, riding, exploring the secret paths in the hills, and getting familiar with the general topography of the land, its valleys and gnats and possible communication routes. He won over the Mavlas who become his most devoted followers, willing to lay down their lives for him at any time. Shivaji's enthusiasm increased a thousands fold. Shivaji made a detailed survey of all the forts and military establishments in the area. In this, his followers were of great help to him. In the course of time. he came to know the smallest detail of every establishment; secret pathways, underground routes, ammunition dumps and cellars.

Friends in Maval: All over the twelve Mavals there were Deshmukhs, guarding their individual 'Watans; (Gifted land in lieu of service) to which they were more attached than anything else. There were constant quarrels between them leading to useless waste of money and manpower. Shivaji saw this waste and decided to put an end to it. He would visit the Deshmukhs in the area, talk to them, persuade them to desist from their folly and raise before them a very attractive picture of the Swaraj of his dreams He thus won many of them over to his side. He used force against those who were adamant. In this way he stopped the mutual warfare. Everybody was pleased with this happy result and all started singing the praises of Shivaji. Zunjarrao Maral, Haibatrao Shilamkar, Baji Pasalkar, Vithoji Shitole, Jedhe, Paygude, Bandal were some of the Deshmukhs in the Maval valley who began to look upon Shivaji as their leader. The dream of Swaraj was fast approaching the day of fulfilment.

Shivaji's Royal Seal : The jagir was already being administered in the name of Shivaji. Shahaji Raje had uncast a special royal seal for Shivaji. It read:'This seal will grow in splendor like the new moon. This seal of Shivaji. the son of Shahaji, receiving homage from the whole word denotes the welfare of the people.' This Royal seal in a way, foretold the foundation of Swaraj.

           In those days most of the royal seals were carved in Persian. Shivaji's was in Sanskrit. This was a significant change. There could be no Swaraj without your own language and your own religion. But at the same time, there should not be a hatred for other religions. The seal was a guarantee to all the Mavlas that Shivaji's Government was for the welfare of the people. They were quick to grasp this point.

Swaraj : First Conquest

               It is no doubt true that Shivaji and his comrades took the oath of Swaraj in the temple of Raireshwar. But it was a very difficult task In those days, Maharashtra was governed by four different powers, the Moghul Emperor of Delhi, Sultan Adilshah of Bijapur, the Portuguese of Goa and the Siddi of Janjira. They were powerful opponents, firm in their authority. No one would dare utter a word against them. Under these difficult conditions Shivaji had taken the oath of Swaraj. There was no comparison between the vast forces of the enemy and a handful of Shivaji's Mavlas But Shivaji's mind was made up and his firm resolve was his greatest source of strength.

Torana Fort :

Shivaji controlled the Jagir of Pune, Super, Chakan and Indapur. All the forts in the Jagir were, however, in the charge of officers from the court of Bijapur. He who controlled the forts also controlled the surrounding territory and, therefore, all talk of Swaraj without he control of the forts was meaningless. A hill fort gave strategic support to the ruler and Shivaji decided to capture one at a suitable time. For this purpose he had selected the fort of Torana. It stands to the south - west of Pune in the Kanad Valley. It was a renowned fort, well-suited for refence. There were two strong 'Machis' on the way to the fort. A 'Machi' is a fortification of a natural plateau formed on the slope of a hill. One of these 'Machis' was the 'Zunjar Machi' and the other, the 'Budhla Machi'. 'Zunjar Machi', like its name, could offer powerful defense against the enemy. The only access to the fort was across the 'Zunjar Machi'. It is a very difficulty passage with high hills on one side and deep valleys on the other. A careless person may easily lose his balance and end his life in the deep valley. Torana was considered one of the strong fort of Maharashtra. In the fort there is a temple of the goddess Toranjai. That is why the fort is called Torana. That is why the fort is called Torana. Strangely enough, this powerful fort was neglected by Adilshah. There were neither enough troops for its defense nor enough ammunition Shivaji knew this and this was exactly what he wanted. He decided to capture the fort and thus lay the foundation of Hindavi Swaraj.

The drums of Swaraj begin to sound : With a few select bands of Mavlas, Shivaji descended into the Kanad Valley. Swift-footed like the deer and lion- hearted in courage, they raced to the top and captured the strategic positions in the fort. Tanaji Malus are hoisted the Maratha flog at the main entrance. Yesaji Kank, a trustworthy and loyal companion of Shivaji, posted his guards at important points; the fort was captured almost withies any resistance and the sky was filled with shouts of "Shivaji Maharaj ki Jai". The first battle drums and pipes of Hindavi Swaraj had sounded and their echo reverberated throughout the valley. Shivaji named this fort 'Prachandgad .'

Blessings of Bhavani : Fort Torana then came under Shivaji's administration. He made a very careful survey of it and appointed officers such as a Maratha Killedar, a Brahmin Sabnis and a Prabhu Karkhanis. The garrison included Mavlas, Kolis, Ramoshis, Mahars and such brave men from many other castes and communities In Swaraj all castes and communities were to be treated alike and no distinctions made on the basis of caste. As repairs to the fort started, a surprise awaited the people. They discovered four metal pots filled to the brim with mohurs. The workers were overjoyed. They said that this was a gift to Shivaji from the Bhavani who had blessed his efforts. All the money discovered was brought to Shivaji. No one thought of taking anything from it for himself. After all it was the wealth of Swaraj. Shivaji felt greatly elated at this unexpected gift which would enable him to pursue his ideal of Swaraj with added vigor . He felt that he was working under the benevolent eye of the Bhavani.

         Shivaji utilized part of the treasure found in the fort to purchase arms and ammunition. The rest he decided to use for another project which was already in his mind. About fifteen kilometers to the east of Torana is the hill of Murumbdeo. Shivaji had  his eye on it for a long time. This hill was steep  and difficult of access and, therefore, of great strategic importance. Adilshah had actually started constructing a fort on this hill but had left it unfinished. This hill also was not well - guarded and Shivaji decided to capture it. 

The First Capital of Swaraj : One day Shivaji climbed up the hill with select  band of his followers and took possession of the partially completed fort. The money found on Tirana was used to complete the fortifications of Murumbdeo. Shivaji named this fort Raj gad. Stone masons, carpenters, blacksmiths, water carriers, other workers, - all the people got busy. They built the Raajmahal, Bara Mahal and eighteen workshops. Raj gad became the first capital of Swaraj.

Shivaji Rapid Progress : From then onwards, Shivaji moved swiftly and captured one fort after another in Maval. The whole  country known as Bara Maval - the twelve Mavals - was overflowing with joy and excitement. The patils and Deshmukhs from many villages came and swore allegiance to Shivaji. But Maval had its own share of black - legs who were ever ready to put a spoke in the fast moving wheel of Swaraj. Jealous of  Shivaji's success, they complained to the Adilshahi Collector at Shirval. The Collector dispatched messengers to Bijapur and informed Adilshah of Shivaji's rapid progress.

Shivaji the Shrewad Politician : Adilshah was most surprised to get the news. He asked Shahaji Raje for an explanation. Shahaji Rsje got himself out of this difficult situation by telling the Sultan that Shivaji Raje had probably taken over the fort for better administratio of the Jagir. Shivaji also sent this message to the Sultan, "I have taken possession of the fort for better administration of the countryside. We did this only in the interest of the Sultan. There was no evil design at the back of this actions." The two forts of Kondana amd Purandar too had strategic locations. Shivaji used his political skill and took control of both the forts. The next fort to come under his sway was Rohida. This was fast work indeed and there was  nothings to stop Shivaji now. 

Defeat of Internal Enemies

          By Use of Force : The Mavlas of the twelve Mavals gathered round Shivaji, ready to do his bidding. They lived for Swaraj and were willing to die for it. They were simple Maratha folk, They loved Shivaji more than their life. But some people were jealous of Shivaji's achievements. Khandoji and Baji Ghorpade were two Sardars in the service of Adilshah. The Shah incited them  against Shivaji. They created a lot of trouble in the Kondana district but Shivaji was more than a match forn them. He defeated and drove them out. Bajaji Naik Nimbalkar of Phaltan was Shivaji's pwn brother - in- law. But Shivaji Maharaj had to fight many battles against him. However, later on, members of this, family stood by Shivaji Maharaj. Sambhaji Mohite of Supe, a near relative of Shivaji, also started plotting against Shivaji. Shivaji arrested him at Supe and banished him to Karnataka. With Shivaji, duty came first and relatives often wards.

Chandrarao Morey of Javali : The greatness of Shivaji's achievements was recognized and applauded everywhere. He captivated the heart of this people. Some people did not like this. They looked upon Shivaji as a mole in the eye. The Merry of Javali was one such person. Morey was the Jaghirdar of Javali. This Jagir Which extended from Raigad to Koyna Valley, along with the title 'Chandrarao', was conferred upon him by Adilshah. Javali was covered with such a thick forest that even during broad  daylight, the sun's rays hardly penetrated it. It was full of wild life. Tigers, wolves and bears roamed freely in the Javali forest. Morey's Javali was thus like a tiger's hideout. No one, therefore. crossed Morey's path. Only Shivaji had the courage to do so.   Daulatrao Morey died in 1645. There  was fight for the succession among his descendants. Shivaji backed Yeshwantrao Morey who, with Shivaji' s help, ascended the 'gadi' as 'Chandrarao'. In return for Shivaji's help, Yeshwantrao promised to help Shivaji in his struggle and also pay him an annual tribute. But he forgot all this once he succeeded to the 'gadi'. He became impertinent and troublesome . He started attacking Shivaji's territory and harassing the people. Shivaji realized that unless Morey was punished, he would remain a constant danger to Swaraj.

Rebel and you will die : Shivaji first sent a stiff note to Yeshwantrao Morey, "You call yourself the Raje. But I am the Raje of this territory. This Kingdom is Shiva' a gift to me. So do not call yourself the Raje." In a very rude reply Yeshwantrao said, "You are a Raja of only yesterday. Who gave you this Kingdom ? If you come to Javali, you will be trapped. By the grace of God, I have received from Adilshah the title of 'Raja' He has also in his graciousness given me a throne and the panoply of a Raja. If you start any trouble here, you will be badly hurt." Shivaji replied, "Give up Javali and your pretensions to Kingship. Come before your master with folded hands and accept his service. You will refuse to do so at the risk of your life."

         The conquest of Javali was a difficult operation. It was covered with thick forest and protected by the impregnable Rairi fort. Morey also had numerous followers. Shivaji after making thorough preparations, attacked Javali. Yeshwantrao held out for about a month but suffered very heavy losses. He then escaped to Rairi along with his family. Shivaji conquered Javali and then marched on Rairi. He laid siege to Fort Rairi. Yeshwantrao fought desperately for three months but he had to give up.

Fort Raigad :

The conquest of Javali was a very important ....... 👆

Pratap gad makes History

Adilshah Perturbed  : The Court of Adilshah at Bijapur was passing anxious days, due to the growing exploits of Shivaji. The Sultan summoned all  his Sardars to court to take stock of the situation. All the Sardars including those known for their exploits and those comparatively unknown attended. Badi Saheba, the Dowager Queen, who personally looked after the Adilshahi administration from Bijapur was also present. The one question before the assembly, was  'How to bring Shivaji to book and break his revolt. Badi Saheba asked a straight question to her Sardars, "Tell me, who is willing to march against Shivaji and put an end to his rebellion?"

           The court became silent. Everybody sat quietly in his place and started looking at the next person, for who would dare accept the challenge of fighting Shivaji ? Just then a giant of a man came forward and bowed respectfully before the throne. Hid name was Afzalkhan.

The Khan accepts the Challenge : The khan accepted the challenge and picked up the betel leaf from the salver as a mark of acceptance. "Shivaji. Who is Shivaji ?" he said, "I shall arrest him and bring him here or if that is not possible, I shall bring his dead body." Afzalkhan was one of the mighty Sardars at the court of Bijapur. His physical prowess and strength were unbelievable. He could bend a crowbar with his bare hands. He was a past master in achieving his end by any available means. This Afalkhan had accepted the challenge of bringing Shivaji to court, dead or alive. The court was highly pleased. Everybody. thought that it was the end of Shivaji and that he would be brought to Bijapur either a liver or dead.

            Afzalkhan left Bijapur in great pomp. He was accompanied by a huge army fully equipped for battle. He was previously the Subhadra of Wai for twelve years and knew the country well. He marched on Maharashtra full of pride and confident of success.

Swaraj in Danger : At this time Shivaji was at Rajgad. He got the news of Afzalkhan's movements. He immediately saw that his Swaraj was in great danger. But he did not lose courage. He knew that the Khan was full of stratagem and had a huge army with him. Shivaji's kingdom was very small in comparison and so was his army. He could see  that he could never hold his own in open battle against the Khan. His only hope was in some strategic move that would take the Khan by surprise. In consultation with Jijabai and with her blessings, Shivaji Maharaj shifted his headquarters from Rajgad to Pratap gad.

Afzalkhan's Counter - move : When the Khan learnt that Shivaji had moved to Pratap gad he became very angry. He was aware of the difficulties in conquering Pratap gad. It was surrounded by thick forest and high hills. There was no proper approach road to the fort and it was very difficult to move his artillery. Besides, the jungle was full of wild life. The Khan initiated many moves in the hope of bringing Shivaji down to the plains. He attacked the holy cities of Pandharpur and Tuljapur. He harassed the people. He was hopeful that these tactics would bring Shivaji down to the plains. But Shivaji proved too clever for him. He refused to leave Pratap gad. Then the Khan changed his tactics. In a spirit of apparent friendliness he sent a message to Shivaji. "You are like a son to me. Com and see me. Return our forts and I shall see that Adilshah makes you a Sardar at his court." 

Tit for Tat : Shivaji quickly saw through the Khan's offer. He was taking no changes. He decided somehow to persuade the Khan to come up to the fort. In reply to the Khan's message he said. "Khansaheb, I am quality of having captured your forts. I must have your promise of pardon for this. Please come and meet me at the foothills of Pratap gad. I am really afraid of coming down to the plains to meet you."  This reply of Shivaji pleased Afzalkhan. Passing his fingers through his beard he smiled and said, "This is good news. What can Shivaji do against the mighty Afzalkhan? He has no guts to fight me. I shall myself go to Pratap gad and put an end to his life when we meet." So he agreed to Shivaji's proposal.

The Meeting Place : The 'Machi' on Pratap gad was chosen as the meeting place. A date and time was fixed. It was agreed that each one would be accompanied by a servant and followed by ten bodyguards at a distance. A special road was constructed for the convenience of the Khan and a big stamina put up for the meeting.

           Every move of Shivaji was marked by great caution. He decided his army into small units. Each unit was told where to hide and when and how to act. He took every measure for safety and left nothing to chance. Many of his advisers tried to dissuade him from meeting the khan. The Khan's word could not be trusted. But Shivaji brushed aside this advice and decided to meet the Khan as arranged.

Before the Meeting : On the day of the meeting, Shivaji visited Bhsvani's temple in the morning and took 'darshan'. SOON AFTER, HE STARTED PUTTING ON HIS CEREMONIAL CLOTHES. HE WORE HIS SURWAR AND COAT OF MAIL. OVER THE Coat of mail, he wore a hurts and a flowing robe. On his head he placed the Jiretope (helmet) and tied a Mandil around it. He fitted Waghanakh onto the fingers of his left hand. Hidden inside the left sleeve was a Bichat and he carried the Dandpatta in his hand. He was now ready to face the Khan.

               All the Sardars were waiting outside. Shivaji turned to them and said, "Friends, each one of you must carry out the duties assigned to you. I am sure the goddess Bhavani will see that we succeed. But if things go wrong and I am killed. do not lose heart. Install Sambhaji on the 'gadi' follow the commands of Maasaheb. Fight for Swaraj and extend its boundaries. Make the subjects happy. I shall go now to meet the Khan." He was accompanied by his Vakil Pantaji Gopinath and ten bodyguard's including Jivaji Mahala, Sambhaji Kavji, Yesaji Kank, Krishnaji Gaikwad, Siddi Ibrahim and others.

             When Shivaji reached the shamiana he saw that the Khan had already arrived. He was busy planning his future moves. Standing by this side was an armed soldier, Bada Sayyad by name. He was highly skilled in the use of Dandpatta. Shivaji came to the entrance of the shamiana, but on seeing Bada Sayyad, he stopped and would not proceed further. The Khan asked Shivaji Vakil why Shivaji stood at the entrance instead of coming in.

    

            The Veil said, "He is afraid of Bada Sayyad. Please ask him to go away." Bada Sayyad moved away and Shivaji stepped in. The Khan got up and said, "Come, Shivaji Raje, let us embrace each other as a mark of our friendship."

The Struggle with the Khan : Shivaji Maharaj cautiously took a step forward and the Khan took him in his embrace. Compared to the giant Khan, Shivaji was short. He reached only as far as the Khan's chest. At the same moment, the Khan held Shivaji's neck in his iron grip and stabbed him on the side with his dagger. It tore apart Shivaji's robe but the coat of mail underneath saved him. Shivaji, knowing that the Khan was trying to kill him, quickly thrust the Waghnakh in the Khan's stomach. Drawing out the Bichwa with his right hand, he drove it into the Khan's stomach and tore apart his guts. The wounded Khan fell down. Khan's Veil, Krishnaji Bhaskar, came forward and attacked Shivaji with his sword. But Shivaji killed him with one stroke of the Patta. When Bada Sayyad heard the shouts and noise he rushed into the shamiana. As he was about to strike Shivaji, Jivaji Mahala came between them and killed Bada Sayyad with one stroke. 'Because of Jiva, Shiva was saved' become a common saying afterwards. Sambhaji Kavji displayed great bravery in this conflict.

The Rout of the Afzalkhan's Army : Thus with triumph Shivaji wet up to the firt. The gun boomed and gave the signal. On the instant, Shivaji's troops came out of their hiding and attacked the Khan's army. The Khan's army was completely unprepared for the attack and was caught in a difficult terrain. They could not even run away to save their lives. The Maratha. troops chased them in hot pursuit and destroyed the whole of the Khan's powerful army. Fazalkhan, Afzalkhan's who escaped with great, difficulty, reached Bijapur. His account of the disastrous campaign spread gloom over the whole of Bijapur. Shivaji thus humbled the most powerful Sardar of the Bijapur Court. His fame spread everywhere. The songs of his exploits were heard in the hills and valleys of Sahyadri.

Baji Prabhu and the Memorable Battle of Ghodkhind

Shivaji Conquers Panhala - Adilshah Gets Angry : While Bijapur was still mourning the death of Afzalkhan and the complete rout of his army, Shivaji captured the Panhala FORT FROM the Bijapur garrison This threw Adilshah into a fit of wild rage. He could neither eat nor sleep. He despatched another Sardar, Siddi Jauhar, against Shivaji. Siddi Jauhar had a huge army with him. Fazalkhan who wanted to avenge his father's death, also accompanied him.

The Silage of Panhalgad : Siddi Jauhar was brave but ruthless. He was a strict disciplinarian. He laid siege to Panhalgad and confined Shivaji within the fort. The rainy season was approaching and Shivaji thought that once the rains came, Siddi Jauhar would lift the siege. But Siddi Jauhar did nothing of the kind. On the contrary, with the arrival of the monsoon, he further tightened the silage. Supplies in the fort were running out. Shivaji was in a fix. Since he could not force Siddi Jauhar to lift the siege by an open battle, he decided to deceive Siddi Jauhar by a clever ruse. He sent a message to Siddi Jauhar to the effect that he would shortly surrender the fort. Siddi was happy.

          Siddi's troops were already tired of the long siege. They were very pleased to hear that Shivaji agreed to surrender. They relaxed the watch and indulged in food, drink and music.

Shivaji Escapes from the Siege :  A plan was hit upon to escape from the siege. Two palanquins were kept ready. One was meant for Shivaji in which he would proceed using a difficult route. The other would be occupied by another person disguised as Shivaji. This palanquin was to leave by the 'Raj - dindi'. This other palanquin would be easily spotted by the enemy forces, and it would be captured by them. While the enemy. celebrated the capture of Shivaji , the real Shivaji would escape by the difficult route. This was the plan. for this a brave youth undertook this task. He resembled Shivaji in looks. His name was Shivaji Kashid. He was a hairdresser in Shivaji's service. He was courageous and shrewd.

          As planned, the palanquin carrying Shiva Kashid came out of Raj - dindi. It was a dark night and it was raining heavily. Still, some enemy soldiers were keeping watch. They captured the palanquin. They thought that they had caught Shivaji himself and took the palanquin to Siddi's camp. Jubilations began in the camp. In the meanwhile, Shivaji escaped from the fort by the difficult route. He was accompanied by Baji Prabhu Deshpande and some select soldiers. The Bandal Deshmukh army accompanied them. After some time, the plot of Shiva Kashid was exposed. The furious Siddi killed him then and there. Shiva Kashid sacrificed his own life in the cause of Shivaji and Swaraj. Thus, he became immortal.

          When the Siddi learnt that Shivaji had given him he slip, he was livid with rage. Immediately, he dispatched his Sardar Siddi Masaud, accompanied by a big army, in hot pursuit of Shivaji. At daybreak, the pursuing horesemen caught up with Shivaji at the Pandharpani stream. Shivaji was now in real trouble. With the greatest difficulty he and his men crossed the Ghodkhind.

Baji Prabhu, the Brave : The angry troops of Siddi were fast galloping towards the Ghodkhind pass. Shivaji saw that it was impossible to reach Vishal gad before the enemy overtook them. He said to Baji Prabhu, "Baji, this is a very critical situation. The road ahead is steep and the enemy is right on your heels. It is now impossible to reach Vishalgad. So let us turn back and face the enemy." Baji Prabhu understood the great agitation going on in Shivaji's mind. The enemy was fast approaching the pass. The life of Shivaji and, therefore, Swaraj, was in danger. He said, "Maharaj, you must proceed to Vishalgad. Take a handful of soldiers with you. I shall defend this pass and will not let the enemy cross it. I shall lay down my life in defiance of this pass  if need be. If die, there will be many other Bajis to take my place. But no one can replace you. Our  Swaraj needs you. The enemy will attack in large numbers. We cannot hold out against them with our limited force. Please do not wait. Go ahead. We shall stop the enemy at the entrance to the pass. We shall nit let him advance till we know that you have reached Vishalgad safely. " Baji Prabhu's brave words and his sense of loyalty brought tears to Shivaji's eyes. He was most unwilling to sacrifice this gem of a man for his personal safety. But he had no time to think of these things. He wanted to achieve his ideal of Swaraj. He fondly embraced Baji and said, "We shall move ahead towards Vishalgad. As soon as we gain the fort, guns will be fired. That will be the signal of our safe arrival. As soon as you hear the gun - fire, abandon the pass and follow us to the fort."

Baji's Defence of the Ghodkhind Pass : So Shivaji left for Vishalgad leaving Baji Prabhu to defend the pass. Baji made a low bow to the receding figure of Shivaji and then prepared himself for battle He took a sword in his hand and stood at the entrance of the pass. He divided his company of soldiers into small groups and posted them at suitable points. The Mavlas took their positions and collected huge boulders and stones to be used as weapons. The Mavlas across the pass were now a strong barrier in the path of the enemy. By this time the enemy had reached the mouth of the pass and one could hear their war cries. Baji addressed his troops and said, "My brave soldiers and comrades, be prepared. You may die fighting but do not desert your post. Do not allow the enemy to conquer the pass, no matter what price has to be paid." So Baji Prabhu and his Mavlas stood at the mouth of the pass, firm and fearless, awaiting the enemy. The pass was difficult to cross, there being only a narrow and a zigzag passage across it.

           At the other end, Shivaji was speeding towards Vishalgad. The fort was still some distance away and it would take Shivaji at least two hours to reach it. If Baji Prabhu could hold out for those two hours, Shivaji would be safe.

The Battle of Ghodkhind : By now the enemy was at the mouth of the pass where a fierce battle was in progress. The Mavlas who were adept at the use of the sling harassed the enemy with showers of stones and boulders from the hill - top and killed many of  them. The first batch of the attacking troops withdrew in confusion. Another batch took their place. Baji Prabhu urged his troops into the attack. The Maratha war cry  Mavlas cut down the enemy troops in the fierce and desperate attack. Through the din of battle they heard their captain shouting encouragement to them : "Bravo, my lads, go ahead, attack and destroy the enemy ". The second batch of the enemy troops was also defeated. 

            Shivaji was by now, almost at the foot of Vishalgad. Vishalgad was also besieged by the enemy. Shivaji fought through the rank of the besieging troops and was on the last lap of his ride to safety.

Baji the Brave : In the meantime, the battle at the pass continued unabated. Enraged at the defeat of  his first two attacks, Siddi Masaud organized and dispatched a third batch of troops against Baji Prabhu and his brave men. They surrounded Baji Prabhu who fought with great courage. Thought wounded and attacked from all sides, with his body covered with blood. Baji would not withdraw from the pass but continued the fight . At the same time, he urged his Mavlas to attack the enemy. Disheartened by the fearful attack, the enemy again withdrew. But Baji was fatally wounded. He was hanging on to life just to hear the sound of gun - fire from Vishalgad.

Ghodkhind becomes Pavan Khind : And  then the sound of gun-fire was heard from Vishalgad. "Maharaj has reached Vishalgad. I have done my duty. Now I can die in peace. " So saying, Baji breathed his last on this historic battlefield . When Shivaji heard this news on Vishalgad, he was greatly grieved. He exclaimed, "Baji Prabhu Deshpande laid down his life on the battlefield in the cause of Swaraj. The Bandals gave a great battle."

           It was because of brave patriots like Baji Prabhu that Swaraj was Won. Their blood made the Ghodkhind a place holy in Swaraj. Ghodkhind became immortal in history as ' Pavan Khind'. We pay our repeated homage to the brave Baji Prabhu and his brave men.

The Discomfiture Of Shaistakhan

Shaistakhan's Campaign : In spite of repeated efforts in which he left no stone unturned, Adilshah of Bijapur could not force Shivaji to surrender. Every Sardar of Bijapur who was sent against Shivaji was defeated. Adilshah at last gave up the fight, made peace with Shivaji and gave recognition to his independent Kingdom. Shivaji thus had peace for some time on his southern border. 

            In the meanwhile. constant Moghul attacks from the north had practically ruined Maharashtra. Shivaji, therefore, turned his attention northwards and carried out raids in the territory of the Moghul Emperor, Aurangzeb. This encaged Aurangeb and he sent Shaistakhan, his uncle, to deal with Shivaji and teach him a lesson, Shaistakhan with a huge army of, 75,000 men and hundreds of elephants, camels and pieces of cannon marched on pune. On the way he captured the towns of Shieval, Shivapur, Sawed and finally laid siege to the fort of Purandar. Nothing could stop his advance. But once the Maratha army surrounded him in a mountain pass. The Maratha troops moved very fast on their swift Bhimthadi ponies. They also travelled very light. They could traverse the hills and valleys in the shortest possible time on army rations consisting of onions and bajra bread. This type of warfare, perfected by the Marathas, was unknown to Shaistakhan. Tired of the continuous  harassment by the Maratha troops, he at last raised the siege of Purandar. 

Firangoji Narsala : Shaistakhan then continued his march on Pune. First he captured the fort of Chakan. Firangoji Narsala fought to defend the fort with great bravery and skill against the army of Shaistakhan. For two months he kept Shaistakhan at bay, but he was helpless against the guns of Shaistakhan. Shaistakhan was much impressed with the way Firegoji defended the fort and offered him service with the Moghul Emperor. Firangoji however refused this tempting offer.

Shaistakhan in Lal Mahal : Shaistakhan came to Pune and made Lal Mahal, Shivaji's residence, his headquarters. One year passed, then another year. Shaistakhan would not leave Pune. On the contrary, his troops would raid Shivaji's territory, destroy crops and take away the cattle. In this way he started devastating the surrounding countryside.

A Bold Plan : At last Shivaji decided to teach Shaistakhan a lesson. In a Way it was good that Shaistakhan was staying in Lal Mahal. Shivaji knew the place inside out, with all its entrances and exits, its secret passages, doors and windows. Besides, Shivaji's spies were keeping him well informed about the disposition of the Khan's troops. Shivaji, therefore, decided to enter Lal Mahal one night and kill Shaistakhan. This was indeed a very bold plan. Lal Mahal was so well guarded  that even an ant would find it difficult to get through. 75,000 troops were camping outside the palace. No armed Maratha was allowed to enter the town. But Shivaji had made up his mind and there was none who could turn him away from his resolve.

           Shivaji fixed the date to carry out the plan. On the night of 5th April, 1663, a marriage procession was passing along the streets of pune. There was music, and forewords accompanied the procession. Hundreds of people dressed in fine clothes were in the procession. Some were in Palanquin, other in 'Menas'. while many more were on foot. Shivaji with his band of trusted followers joined the procession to give the impression that they were a part of it. After some time the procession proceeded on its way, but Shivaji and his men moved away quietly in the direction of Lal Mahal. Shaistakhan was fast asleep at this hour.

Shaistakhan Learns a Lesson :  Shivaji made a hole in the wall and entered Lal Mahal. He had no trouble in finding his way about, because it was after all, his own house. The Khan's bodyguards were half asleep. Shivaji followers tired them up. Shivaji went deeper inside. Suddenly, someone rushed at him with a sword. Shivaji killed him. He thought it was Shaistakhan, but it was his son. There was a commotion. People woke up.

             Shivaji went straight to the Khan's chambers and took out his sword. Terrified, the Khan started shouting 'the Devil, the Devil'. and tried to escape through the window. Shivaji struck him with the sword which cut off three fingers of the Khan. The Khan could have lost his life, but he escaped with the loss of three fingers only The Khan jumped out of the windows and made for safety. To deceive the khan's troops, Shivaji and his men raised the cry, "Shivaji has attacked. Run, catch him," and started to run themselves. The Khan's troops also stared running in al directions.

            In the confusion that followed, Shivaji and his men made their escape and reached Sinha gad. The Khan's troops spent the whole night looking in vain for shivaji and his troops. This incident took the fight out of Shaistakhan. He was afraid that if he lost only his fingers in the first attack, shivaji might cut his head off in the second. Aurangzeb was furious when he heard of this episode. Shaistakhan lost the Emperor's favors and was transferred to Bengal.

           This was the first serious blow to the Moghul Power. Shivaji had successfully beards the lion in his own den. Gunfire announced the victory and a ware of joy went all over Maharashtra.

The Siege of Purandar and the Treaty with the Moghul Emperor

Raid on Surat : After this triumph, Shivaji did not idle. Aurangzeb's troops were laying waste the whole of Maharashtra. To bring the Emperor to his senses, Shivaji carried out his daring raid on Surat. Surat was so far away from Pune that no one but Shivaji could have thought of this daring raid. Surat was then a great center of trade in the Moghul empire and a very rich city, Shivaji carried out the raid successfully and brought home a booty worth lakhs of rupees. Shivaji did not forsake ethics in the raid on Surat. He spared the churches and mosques. He did not show disrespect to women.

             The raid on Surat drove Aurangzeb into a furious rage. He now decided to put an end to the Maratha Kingdom. He ordered his great general. Mirza Raje Jaising, to humble Shivaji. To assist Mirza Raje in the campaign, he sent with him his trusted Sardar, Dilerkhan. The two landed in the Deccan with a huge army and unlimited funds. Swaraj was in real danger.

           Immediately after his return from the expedition of Surat, in 1664 AD, Shivaji Maharaj heard a sad news. Shahaji Raje had suffered an accidental death while on a hunt. Shivaji and Jijabai were greatly grieved. Holding his mother close to his bosom, Shivaji Maharaj consoled her.

Slege of Purandar by the Moghul Army : Purandar was one of Shivaji's big and strong forts. Dilerkhan knew that Shivaji could not be defeated as long as he was the master of Purandar. He, therefore, laid siege to this powerful fort. He had a huge army under his command. Murarbaji was in charge of the fort. He was a determined fighter who would not easily yield to threats. He was also supported by brave troops. With their help Murarbaji decided to defend the fort.

             Dilerkhan's guns went into action. Fiery cannon balls began to drop on the fort. Murarbaji and his brave men held on. The first bastion on the 'Machi' collapsed under gun-fire. Dilerkhan's troops captured the lower fort. The Marathas withdrew to the upper firth and continued to fight. Dilerkhan was watching the battle from his camp.

            Furious with rage, Murarbaji decided to attack the Moghul troops with a select contingent of five hundred men. He opened the gates of the upper fort. Shouting their war cry. "the Mavlas fell on the Moghul troops. After a fierce battle which lasted for a short time, the Marathas routed the huge Moghul army which fled towards Dilerkhan's camp.  Murabaji followed them in hot pursuit. With his troops he entered the camp of Dilerkhan and wrought havoc there. The enemy troops were in flight and the Marathas in pursuit. Cries shouts filled the whole camp. In great hurry Dilerkhan mounted his elephant and looked ahead. There was Murarbaji hacking the soldiers to pieces. His sword moved like lightning, cut throats, broke heads and pierced the hearts  of the enemy. No one could stop him or hold him in check. Dilerkhan watched in admiration his  great deeds of bravery.

Murarbaji's Incomparable Valour : Seeing Dilerkhan, Murarbaji asked his troops to attack in full force and himself advanced towards Dilerkhan. Whoever tried to obstruct him was cut to pieces. The Moghul troops at last surrounded Murarbaji on all sides. Just then Dilerkhan shouted, "Wait ; Hold back your swords !" The Moghul troops halted and moved back a little. Then Dilerkhan addressed Murarbaji, "Until now I have not seen a swordsmen like you. You come over to our side. I promise you complete safety. The Emperor will make you a Sardar, and reward you with a Jagir'. His eyes red with anger, Murarbaji said in return, "We are the loyal servants of Shivaji Maharaj. Who wants to buy safety from you? Why should we come over to your side ? And who wants your Emperor's Jagir ?" He then moved forward in the direction of Dilerkhan and again started attacking his soldiers. Dilerkhan who was seated in the Houdan on the elephants back released an arrow which pierced Murarbaji's neck. Murarbaji fell to the ground. His followers lifted his dead body and took it back to the upper fort. 'What if one Murarbaji is fallen ! We, too, are brave like him. We will fight with courage. 'Saying so, they began to fight again without losing heart. 

              Shivaji heard the news with great sorrow. He knew that he could hold each one of his forts against the Moghul army for at least more than a year. But he was unwilling to do so at the cost of his men who would die in the attempt.

Treaty of Purandar : What could be done? He was not strong enough to fight the powerful Moghuls. All his political skill was also of no avail. There was only one thing he could do. He decided on a temporary withrawal from the fight . He would enter into a treaty with the Moghul Emperor. He went and saw Jailing. This was a very sensible and statesmanlike thing to do. He said to Jaising, "Mirza Raje, you are a Rajput . You can understand our suffering. The Emperor's campaigns have laid the country waste and people are in great misery. I have undertaken this task of establishing Swaraj so that people may be happy. You should join me in this uphill task. If you agree to lead us, myself and my Mavlas will be your trusted followers. " Jaising was a shrewd diplomat. He persuaded Shivaji to sign a treaty of peace with the Emperor. Shivaji signed the treaty and according to its terms, twenty-three forest and a territory with a revenue of four lakh Hons (a gold coin) were to be headed over to the Emperor. The treaty of Puranam was signed in 1665.

               After the treaty was signed, Jaising suggested to Shivaji that he should go to Agra and see the Emperor. He also  guaranteed Shivaji's safe return. Shivaji thought over the Suggestion. He knew that the Emperor could not be trusted. He had proved treacherous to his own brothers. But, in the end, Shivaji decided to take the risk and face the situation as cautiously as he could. He informed Jaising that he was willing to go to Agra to meet the Emperor.

Shivaji gives the slip to the Emperor.

            Putting his trust in Jaising, Shivaji left for Agra to visit the Emperor.  Before leaving for Agra. Shivaji handed over the administration of this Swaraj to his mother Jijabai and took her blessings . With him were his son Sambhaji Raje, some chosen Sardars, and a few trusted people. He also carried with him a large treasure. In due course he reached Agra.

Shivaji Shows his Spirit at the Emperor's Court : On a prearranged day Shivaji Maharaj attended the Emperor's Darbar. Young Sambhaj Raje accompanied him. It was Aurangzed's fiftieth birthday. After finishing court in Diwan-i-Khas, the Emperor entered the hall where matters of  state were discussed. In front of him stood his chief Sardars in serial ranks according to their status. Jaswantsing Rathod whom the Marathas had put to flight on many occasions was in the rank ahead of Shivaji. The Emperor put Shivaji in one of the back rows. Shivaji become angry. After all, he was the King of the sovereign State of Maharashtra and his status demanded that he should be in the front rank. This was a deliberate insult which he would not suffer lying down. Angry and insulted, he turned his back on the royal presence and made for his residence. He decided never to see the Emperor's face again.

                 The visit was thus a failure. The news of the incident spread everywhere.

The Emperor's Treachery : Aurangzed ordered guards to be posted around Shivaji's residence. Shivaji Maharaj and Sambhaji Rajr thus became, for all practical purposes, the Emperor's prisoners. Shivaji understood the Emperor's treachery. He realized that the Emperor would never et him return to Maharashtra.

            Days and weeks passed. Then, one day, Shivaji Maharaj petitioned to the Emperor for permission to return to Maharashtra. He tried again and again, but every time his request was turned  down. Then Shivaji Maharaj made up his mind to escape from the Emperor's clutches, come what may. To begin with, he obtained the Emperor's permission to send back to the South the persons who had accompanied him to Agra. The Emperor was happy. He thought that Shivaji Maharaj would now be completely isolated. The only persons left with him now were Sambhaji Raje and the two servants Hiroji Farjand and Madati Mehetar.

             Soon after, Shivaji Maharaj pretended to be ill, He complained of severe pain in the stomach. Doctors were called. They started treating the patient. Shivaji started sending out huge baskets of sweets to Sadhus and Maulavis for this quick recovery.

Escape From Agra : In the beginning the guards outside would examine the baskets. In the course of time they got tired of this daily routine and stopped it. One evening Shivaji made Hiroji sleep in his bed and asked Madari to massage his feet. Then Shivaji Magaraj and  Sambhaji Raje his themselves in two of the many baskets that were going  out. The baskets were supposed to contain sweets and allowed to pass unchecked. At a place previously fixed, Shivaji Maharaj and Sambhaji Raje got out of the baskets. Their faithful servants were waiting for them with horses kept ready for flight. In the meantime, Hiroji and Madari left the house in Agra under the pretext that they were going to the doctor to get some medicine. The two of them risked their own life and made a valuable contribution to the task of freeing Maharaj from imprisonment.

              The Emperor came to know of Shivaji's escape the next day. He was wild with rage. His Sardars were frightened. The Emperor sent spies all over the country to trace Shibaji. All the search, however, was in vain. Once escaped, the Maratha lion was never again caught in the Emperor's net. In disguise, Shivaji Maharaj started towards Maharashtra. He left young Sambhaji Raje behind in a safe place at Mathura and in due course, reached Rajgad. Jiamata was overjoyed to see Shivaji safe and back home,. Two

months later, Sambhaji Raje also arrived safely at Rajgad. In this way, with great skill and daring, Shivaji gave the slip to the Emperor and returned to he safety of his Kingdom. This was in 1666.

The Fort is Captured but the Lion is Dead.

Jijamata'a Wish : The twenty - three forts which Shivaji handed over to Jaising were still in the hands of the Moghuls. Kondana was one of these twenty - three forts. One day Jijamata said to Shivaji, "Shivaba, it is not safe to leave the strong Kondana fort in enemy hands. You must recapture it." Shivaji was thinking on the same lines. He was very unhappy that Kondana was in Moghul hands. Both Shivaji and Jijabaisahed were very unhappy about it. It was like a thorn in their side. Shivaji started making his plans for the recapture of Kondana. Who could be entrusted with this task? It was very difficult to capture Kondana.

Tanaji Malusare : Tanaji was Shivaji's comrade right from the beginning. He came from the village Uprate near Mahad in the Konkan. He was ever ready to put his heart and soul into any work assigned to him by Shivaji. Tanaji was strong and well - built, and as clever as he was brave. He was passionately devoted to Shivaji.

Kondana's Marriage First : Tanaji was busy making preparations for his son Raiba's wedding. Everyone in the house was busy with the marriage preparations. The marriage was only four days away. Tanaji thought that he would go and invite Shivaji Maharaj and Maasaheb to the wedding. Accompanied by Shelarmama, he went to Shivaji Maharaj to give him and Maasaheb his personal invitation to the wedding. On receiving the invitation from Shelarmana, Shivaji said, "Shelarmama, you go back and celebrate the wedding. I am sorry I shall be unable to attend. I have decided to lead a campaign for the recapture of Kondana."

                As soon as Tanaji heard this he said, "Maharaj, do you propose to undertake this difficult and dangerous campaign while Tanaji is still alive ? Then what is the use of persons like me ? This will not do. I shall first perform the marriage of Kondana by capturing it. Raiba's wedding can wait. You must allow me to lead this campaign and give me your blessings for its success."

Tanaji's Plan : With these words Tanaji took charge of the campaign and left for Kondana. The fort was then under the immediate control of Udaybhan, a Rajput officer appointed by Jaising. Udaybhan was a disciplined and vigilant officer. There were two entrances to the fort. Both were heavily guarded by Udaybhan's men. How hen to mount an assault ? Tanaji quietly made a derailed inspection of the fort. On the western side there was a steep precipice where there were no guards. Tanaji decided to attack from that side. He explained his plan to his younger brother. He said, "You take a detachment of five hundred troops and trey and reach the ' Kalyan ' gate. With another three hundred I shall scale this precipice and get inside the fort. As soon as we are there, we shall throw open the doors of the 'Kalyan' gate. Then you step in and join us. Together we shall destroy the Moghul troops defending the fort. "With the plan thus finalized, Suryaji and Tanaji went their different ways.

Over the Precipice and into the Fort : It was a dark night Tanaji and his men were gathered at the foot of the precipice. The sound of crickets could be heard all round. Five or six members of Tanaji's party started to scale the precipice. It was indeed very high and steep. But somehow they managed to get a foothold in the rock, pulled themselves up by pushing their fingers into rock crevices and began the difficult and dangerous climb. Slowly but surely they reached the top. As soon as they were on safe ground, they tied a thick rope to a strong tree and let it down the precipice. The others took hold of the rope and climbed up to the top like monkeys.

Tanaji's Valour : By now Suryaji had reached the Kalyan gate. He waited there for the doors to open. The battle on the fort started. Udaybhan heard of the attack. The battle drum was sounded. Udaybhan's garrison attacked Tanaji's men. A grim battle started between the two forces in the light of dancing torches. The Mavlas opened the doors of the Kalyan gate. Tanaji was fighting like a brave lion. Udaybhan attacked him. Birth were very brave and the battle between them ewes fierce. Tanaji's shield was broken. So he tied his upper garment round his defending hand to parry Udaybhan's blows and continued the Fight, In the end both were mortally wounded and fell fighting.

The Fort is captured but the Lion is dead : With the death of Tanaji the Mavlas found themselves without a leader and began to retreat. By then Suryaji and his men had arrived on the scene of battle. Suryaji was deeply grieved to know that his brother was dead.  But he had no time for grief. He had to continue the fight. He cut off the rope by which the Mavlas had  climbed the fort. Then he stood in the path of the retreating Mavlas and said, "Don't you see that your father is lying dead here on the battlefield ? Are you not ashamed to run away like a bunch  of cowards ? Turn back and fight, for I have blocked your retreat by cutting off the rope by which you climbed up. The only choice before you is either to jump to your death over the precipice or to turn back and fight to destroy the enemy."

            So the Mavlas returned to the fight and attacked the enemy. A fierce battle raged. The Mavlas ultimately conquered the fort but in the process had lost their brave and lion - hearted leader, Tanaji. Jijamata and Shivaji Maharaj heard the news. They were struck with grief. Shivaji Maharaj expressed his sorrow in a single sentence : "The fort is won but the lion is dead. So Kondana became Sinhagad, in memory of the great warrior who gave his life to recapture it. This event took place in 1670. Later on, Shivaji Raje personally went to Umrathe and performed the wedding of Raiba.

A Memorable Ceremony

Why did Shivaji have himself Crowned ? :  Shivaji took the oath of Swaraj in the temple of Raireshwar. He had to face numerous difficulties and calamities in his efforts to win Swaraj for his people. But with great courage and skill Shivaji overcame them all. Swaraj had stepped out of its childhood and was growing fast, Men like Baji Prabhu, Murarbaji, Tanaji nursed it with their blood. The new Kingdom was both respected and feared.   With a view to having this kingdom recognized by all other princes in the land, big and small, Shivaji decided to have himself crowned. After hundreds of years, a king was born in Maharashtra who would treat all religions equally and give justice and happiness to his subjects. Shivaji decided to have himself crowned si that everyone would come to knew that Swaraj had been firmly established. He did not do it for self - glorification or personal happiness. He did it to give the newly founded Swaraj a firm footing.

The Capital Of Swaraj : Shivaji selected Raigad as the capital of his kingdom. Raigad was a strong hill fort from where it was easy to administer the kingdom and keep a watch on the enemy. Shivaji Raje inspected his troops at Chiplun. He visited Pratap ad and took the goddess Bhavani's 'Darshan'. In grateful memory he presented to the temple a golden canopy for the goddess.

Preparations for the Coronation : Then Shivaji Raje ordered a golden throne to be made and had it studded with precious stones. He put a white royal umbrella over the throne. Invitations to the coronation were sent out to princes and kings, learned Brahmins, all the Sardars under his command and other officers. Gaga Bhatt came from Varanasi to act as the chief priest at the ceremony. Gaga Bhatt originally belonged to Paithan but had settled down in Varanasi. He was a great and renowned scholar respected in Varanasi.

              Shivaji Maharaj made detailed preparations for the coronatine. Men were sent out to bring waters of the seven rivers and the sea. Neatly fifty thousand people gathered at Raigad. Small tents, big tents, spacious shamianas to accommodate the guests could be seen everywhere.

The Coronation Ceremony : The Coronation Day dawned. It was indeed the most auspicious day. Musicians began to play on their instruments. Singers began to sing, music and singing filled the air. There was an atmosphere of joy everywhere. Shivaji Raje sat on a golden seat in full regalia. A canopy (chhatra) and the fans (Chamare) were held over his head. There were priests. each one carrying vessels of ghee, dahi and honey. Gaga Bhatt himself carried a gold vessel filled with the waters of the seven rivers, Ganga, Sindhu, Yamuna, Godavari, Krishna, Narmada and Kaveri and of the sea. Gaga Bhatt held the vessel over Shivaji's head and started reciting the coronation mantras. From a hundred tiny holes in the vessel, water started dripping down on Shivaji's head. After ablution by the sacred waters Shivaji Maharaj got up and bowed before Jijamata and touched her feet. Jijamata held him in close embrace. Her eyes were filled. With tears of joy. Her thirty years' efforts had at last borne fruit. The dream she had nursed even before Shivaji's birth had at last come true. The tears in her eyes were tears of joy and fulfilment. Shivaji Maharaj was also deeply moved. Glory be to both of them !

            After meeting Maasaheb, Shivaji Maharaj sat on the throne. Maharani Soyarabai and the Crown Prince Sambhaji Raje sat next to him. His eight ministers stood on either side. Gaga Bhatt held the canopy lined with gold and pearl tassels over his head and said, "Victory be to Shiva Chhatrapati, now crowned King, the ornament of the race of warriors." Everyone present followed suit and in one voice wished victory to Shivaji Maharaj. Guns were fired from fort after fort. The whole of Maharashtra echoed with one voice, "Shivaji Maharaj Ki Jai." Shivaji's coronation took place in 1674. From that year Shivaji Maharaj started a new calendar, the Coronation Calendar. He became a great king like those in whose name people start a new era. He struck his own coins. Some foreign envoys were present at the Coronation. The English had sent their envoy Oxendine with valuable presents. Subjects from far - off areas and places had also come to see this ceremony. The whole world came to know of the big event. Shivaji's fame spread everywhere.

Campaign in the South

Plan of Campaign : The coronation ceremony was over but its joy was short - lived. A short while after the coronation,  on 17 June 1674, Maasaheb passed away. While all his subjects looked upon Shivaji Maharaj as their protector, Shivaji Maharaj himself depended upon the advice and help of Maasaheb. She was the true guide and Guru in his life. He was deeply grieved at the loss of his mother. But he had very little time for sorrow because he had to administer the kingdom which he had established.

              He decided to attack Karnataka. He was no longer ardeid of Adilshah because the Kingdom of Bijapur was practically on its last legs. The real threat to Swaraj was from the North, for the Moghul Emperor Aurangzed was bidding his time to destroy the Maratha Kingdom. There was no knowing when he would attack and swallow the new kingdom. Shivaji thought that this campaign would create a powerful base in the South from where he could resist the blows of the Moghuls. With this in view, he planned his Southern campaign. He approached Kutubshah of Golconda for help and Shah readily agreed to give whatever help was needed.

              There was yet another reason for the Campaign. Shivaji's step - brother Vyankoji was looking after Shahaji Rsje's Tanjavur Jagir in the South. He would not give Shivaji his share of the ancestral Jagir. Neither did he display any love for Swaraj. He Treated Shivaji with indifference. Shivaji thought that a personal meeting would resolve the dispute and Vyankoji could be persuaded to help in the work of Swaraj.

Visit to Golconda : Shivaji Maharaj started on his Southern campaign. Abulhasan Kutubshah of Golconda had invited him to visit Golconda. He, therefore, decided to visit Golconda first and then proceed with his conquest of the South.

             Golconda was the capital of Kutubshah's Kingdom. He made great preparations to receive Shivaji. A special shamiana was put up where the two would meet. As Shivaji entered the capital, people lined the streets to have his 'Darshan'. Stories of this exploits were the talk of the whole country. People had heard of the death of Afzalkhan at his hands, of the discomfiture of Shaistakhan and of Shivaji's miraculous escape from Agra. Because of this. Shivaji Maharaj received a royal welcome. People showered flower petals on him from the houses -tope. Acknowledging this wonderful reception, Shivaji entered Kutubshah's darbar. Kutubshah came down half - way to receive him. He seated Shivaji Maharaj alongside himself as an equal on a specially prepared throne. He left nothing undone as far as receptions was concerned.

Conquest of Jinji : Taking leave of Kutubshah, Shivaji proceeded south and reached the east coast. To the south of Chennai is the fort of Jinji. It is a big fort, as big  strong as Raigad. Shivaji besieged and captured it. A strong Southern base was thus created for Swaraj. Then he besieged the Vellore fort. The siege lasted for several  months but the fort could not be conquered. Shivaji had to train his guns on the fort from a neighboring hill before he could conquer it. His southern campaign brought under his rule several forts and a territory with an annual revenue of twenty lakhs.

Meeting with Vyankoji Raje : Shivaji Maharaj invited Vyankoji Raje, his step - brother to meet him. Vyankoji Raje reluctantly agreed. Shivaji received him with great honors and tried to win him over. He appealed to Vyankoji Raje to help him in the work of Swaraj. For a few days, Vyankoji Raje stayed with Shivaji Maharaj but one night he returned to Tanjavur without even taking leave of Shivaji Maharaj. From Tanjavur he actually attacked Shivaji's  forces. Shivaji's forces took heavy toll of the attacking troops and Vyankoji Raje was defeated. Shivaji Maharaj was deeply pained at Vyankoji Raje's behavior. He wrote to him and tried to persuade him to changes his ways. He conferred on him the territory south of Jinji and set aside a small part of Karnataka as a gift for Deepabai, Vyankoji's wife. He said in his letter to Vyankoji Raje, 'Do not put your trust in your enemies. Follow the path of velour.'

               After the conclusion of this successful  campaign of Karnataka Shivaji returned to Raigad, While he was yet to overcome the strain of this campaign, he had to undertake a naval campaign against the Siddi of Janjira. At this, time, Maharaj was fifty years old. He had toiled continuously for nearly thirty - five years, without any time to rest.

The People's Protector Is No More : On 3rd April, 1680, Shivaji Maharaj died, plunging his people into a sea of sorrow. The protector of people passed away. In his lifetime, Maharaj achieved so many great things. He vanquished very powerful enemies and founded Hindavi Swaraj. There was none in the whole of India who could match his achievements. He was a great national figure.