Computer Knowledge ( Basic Knowledge About Computers) 2019

                           ﷽

                Rabbi Yassir Wala tu'Assir Wa Tammim bil Khayr

    Introduction: Computer has become the biggest innovation of mankind. It is one of the most basic necessities. We all are aware that computer is a practical subject, which we use as a tool. children need a lot of creative and imaginative skills while learning computer in theory class. Computer Learning has become an integral part of School Curriculum. Ever growing advancement in the field of technology has motivated children to become progressive learners. Hence it is extremely important to familiarize our children with computers as early as possible. This gives them plenty of time to grasp and learn different applications with utmost ease.    

• Functions of A Computer
• Parts Of A Computer ⇙      
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)  
•  Windows     
• Delete 🔕:
• Open a Document ⤱
• The Paint Window 💭 
• Computers 
•  Starting Notepad 💥
•  Be a Netizen
•  'Robotics'
• History of Computers   
• E-Mail and its Usefulness
• Mobile - A multipurpose instrument     

                     ﷽          A   Computer  

        A Computer is an electronic machine. It is used to write, draw, do sums, play games, listen to music and watch cartoon films and movies. It works very fast. It does not make mistakes It makes our work very easy. It can remember many things. A computer is made up of many different parts. 

They are: 1.    Monitor    2.Keyboard   3.Mouse  4.CPU  5.Printer  6.   Speakers. 

               

                      ↧        Functions of A Computer

               The three main functions of a computer are: 
1. Input  2. Processing  3.Output.

Input :  Data (numbers, letters or pictures) entered into a computer is called in input.
Processing : When the computer Works on the input, it is called Processing. 
Output : Information given out by a computer after processing the input is called output.
         The output can be seen on the monitor or printed on paper. Now let us understand the terms input, processing and output.

         You must have seen a flour-mill. In a flour-mill, food grains are put into the big vessel at the top. They are crushed in the grinder and flour comes out from the opening at the bottom of the flour-mill. Food grains put into the big vessel are input.
The crushing or grinding of the food grains into flour is called Processing. The flour which comes out of the flour-mill is the Output.  

                                Parts Of A Computer ⇙

The main functions of a computer are: 
Input ,  Processing , Output,  So, a computer must be made up of devices (Parts ) that are used for Input, Processing and Output.
A computer is made of five main devices: 
Keyboard, Mouse, CPU Box,  Monitor, Printer.
The Keyboard and the mouse are used to enter data into the computer. 

        They are Used for input and so they are called input devices.
CPU means Central Processing Unit. The CPU processes the input to give the output and so it  is called the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The Monitor displays the output Produced by the CPU. The printer is used to print the output on paper. Both these devices are used for output and so they are called Output devices.

                                     💖      Functions of A Computer

    The Keyboard and the mouse are used to enter data into the computer and so they are called input devices. 

1. The Keyboard : The keyboard is a flat, rectangular , plastic board with many buttons on it. These buttons are called keys. 

There are more then 100 Keys on the Keyboard. Some of these keys are: 

1.  Letters Keys (A to Z)

2.  Numbers Keys (1 to 9)

3. Mathematical Signs ( +, -, *, for multiplication, / for division)

4. Punctuation marks ( , . ? : ' " )

5. Some other signs (  &   %   @   <   >  {    }   $).

Date entered with the help of the keyboard can be seen on the monitor. When you press a letter key or a number key on the keyboard, it appears at a specific place  on the screen. 

The Keyboard is connected to the CPU Box with a cable(wire). 

2. Mouse: 👌

           The mouse is a small , plastic device with two or three buttons on it. It is kept and moved on a mouse pad. The mouse is used to point to a particular place on the screen and so it is also known as the Pointing device. The mouse is connected to the CPU box with a cable. 💁

Holding the mouse : place your right palm on the mouse in such a way that your forefinger is on the left button and the middle finger is on the right button,. The thumb and the remaining two fingers hold the mouse on either side. Remember, you normally use only the left mouse button.

                When you quickly press and release a mouse button, you hear a ' click' sound. And so the action of pressing a mouse button is known as Clicking.         

                       Central Processing Unit (CPU)

        The vertical or horizontal box that you see next to the monitor is Known as the CPU box. This is because the CPU is fixed inside this box . 

            The CPU box contains the CPU and many other parts that are needed to run a computer. As you Know, When we enter data into the computer, the CPU Processes it and gives the output. The CPU is called the brain of the computer.

            The monitor, Keyboard, mouse and the printer are connected to the CPU box with cables.

                       Central Processing Unit (CPU)

    The monitor displays the output produced by the CPU.

If  you want, you  can use a printer to print the output on paper. 

The monitor and printer are used to get output and so they are called  Output devices.

1. Monitor :

           The device that looks like a TV screen is called monitor.

Like the TV, A Monitor has buttons to switch it on, switch it off , and buttons to change the brightness and contrast.

         When you enter data into the computer, the monitor displays whatever you are typing currently. This help you check Whether you have typed in the data correctly. If there are any mistakes, you can correct them easily. 

         As you Know, the CPU Processes the input and gives the output, Which is then displayed by the monitor. 

 The monitor is connected to the CPU box with a cable.

2. Printer : 💅
                       The information or the output that is produced by the CPU is displayed on the monitor. 
      
 This output can be printed on paper with the help of a printer. 
A Printer can print words as well as pictures. 
The Printer is Connected to the CPU box with a Cable.      

                   

                                                Windows 

 The main functions of a computer are:

1. Input 

2. Processing

3.Output.

A computer performs these functions with the help of Hardware and Software.

1. Hardware:  All the parts of a computer that you can see and touch is called Hardware.

The keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer and the CPU box are all hardware.

2. Software : The instructions needed by a computer to do all the work is called Software. You cannot see or touch software.

3. Operating System : The software that actually helps the computer to run is called the Operating System.

              Some instructions are built into the computer when it is made and it is permanently stored in it. When you Switch on the computer, this software allows the computer to do all the jobs that you want it to. Thus, it helps the computer to run, So it is called Operating System.

4. Windows : Most computer use a very popular Operating System called Microsoft Windows, Popularly  Known as just Windows.

                                                             Starting Windows 💣

When you switch on the computer, Windows  starts automatically. You will see a Screen with many small pictures on it. This is the main screen of Windows. It is called Desktop.

1. Windows Desktop : The main screen of Windows is called desktop.

Start button , Icon , Taskbar , Mouse Pointer , Desktop , Clock.

2. Mouse Pointer : When you move the mouse on the mouse pad, you see a small arrow moving on the Screen. It Shows the Position of the mouse on the Screen. And so this arrow is called Mouse Pointer. 

As you move the mouse on the mouse pad, the mouse pointer on the desktop also moves. If you move the mouse from side to side, the mouse pointer moves left or right on the desktop.

Similarly , if you move the mouse up or down, the mouse pointer moves up or down on the desktop.

3.Icons : The small pictures that you see on the desktop are called icons. Each icon stands for a program in Windows. There are many different programs like paint (to draw and colors  pictures ), Notepad (to write) and Calculator (to do simple calculations ) in Window.

4. Taskbar: The bar at the bottom of the desktop is called Taskbar. To the right of the Taskbar, you can see the clock. To the left of the Taskbar . you can see a small button called the Start button. This is the button that you will use to start most of the programs in Windows.

5. Start menu : In Windows, a list of command is called a menu. Move the mouse pointer on the Start button and click the left mouse button. You will see a menu. It is called the Start Menu.😇

     If You place the mouse pointer on an item on the Start menu, that item will be highlighted - it will appear with a colored band Over it. 😈

6. Sub menu : Look at the Start menu carefully. Some items on it have small right - arrows. Place the mouse Pointer on one such item. That item will be highlighted and you will see another menu to the right. This menu is called Sub menu. 

      For example, if you place the mouse pointer on Programs, you will see a sub menu to the right.

        In this sub menu you can see the name of some of the programs in your computer. Some items on this sub menu also have small right - arrows. This means that each of these items has a sub menu.

                                Shutting Down Windows 💦

1.  place the mouse pointer on the Start button on the Taskbar and click the left mouse button. You will see the Start menu.

2. On the Start menu, place the mouse pointer on Shut Down and click the left mouse button. You will see a rectangular box. it is called a Dialog box.

This dialog box asks you : What do you want the computer to do? and the words Shut down will usually appear below the question. 

3. Click on the OK button at the bottom of the dialog box. you will see the following messages, one by one, on the screen:

Closing network Connections.....

Saving your Settings....

Windows is Shutting Down....

It is now safe to turn off your computer....

4. After you see the last message on the screen, you can switch off the computer.

                                            Notepad 😺

          When you load an Operating System like Windows in your computer, some programs are automatically loaded in your computer. These are basically utility programs and they grouped  together as Accessories.

Calculator, Paint and Notepad are some of the programs available under Accessories.

Notepad is a very useful program in Windows Accessories. It is a basic text editor that you can use to create simple documents.

                                       Starting Notepad 💥

1. Place the mouse pointer on the Start button and click the left mouse button. You will see the Start menu. 

2. On the Start menu, Place the mouse pointer on Programs. You will see a sub menu. 

3. On this sub menu, Place the mouse pointer on Accessories. You will see another sub menu. 

4.On this sub menu, Click on Notepad. You will see the Notepad window on the screen.

                             

                                                The Notepad Window 

Cursor, Title bar, Menu bar , Text area,

1. Title bar : The Title bar displays Untitled - Notepad,

the name of the program. On the right-hand side corner, you can see three buttons:

Minimize, Maximize, Close,💧

            If You click on ( Minimize), the window will be minimized (become smaller). It will disappear from the desktop and appear as a button on the Taskbar. 

To restore (bring back) the window, click on the minimized window button on the Taskbar. 

If you Click on (Maximize), the window will be maximized (become bigger), and it will occupy the full Screen. This will give  you a bigger, better view o the Window. 

In the maximized Window, this button  will change to (Restore Down ). If you click on this button, the window will become smaller and again appear on the desktop.

2. Menu bar : The menu bar displays the main menus: File, Edit, Format and Help.💗

             If you click on any one of these menu, you will see a drop-down menu that contains many other tools and commands.

3. Text area : This is that area of the Notepad Window Where you type text. 

The small blinking vertical line that you see in the text area is called Cursor.

The cursor shows where you are on the screen. When you press a letter key or a number key, it will appear Where the cursor was, and the cursor moves one space to the right.

When you move the mouse pointer in the text area, the pointer changes to look like I.

          Screen-tip : In Windows, you need not remember the names of buttons or icons in various programs. place the mouse pointer over a button or an icon, and a screen-tip will display the function of that button or icon.

                                      Closing Notepad ⇣

To Close the Notepad Window, Place the mouse pointer on (Close)  on the top right-hand corner of the Window.

                                              Notepad ⇭

Note : The teacher should select the Font, font style and the Size for the Students to Practice using the keyboard in Notepad. 

1. Letter Keys: The letter Keys are used to type letters, words or sentences. 

All the letters on the keys are capital letters. But When you press a letter Key, that letter appears on the screen as small letter.

press the Keys J,A,C,K on the Keyboard. you will see the Word jack (in small letters) on the screen. As you type each letter, note how the cursor moves one space to the right.

2. Space bar: The Space bar is the longest Key on the keyboard. It is used to put spaces between letters or Words. You can see the Word jack on the screen and the cursor at the end of the word. 

Press the space bar once and see how the cursor moves one space to the right.

Using the letter Keys and the space bar, type the Words and ill.

3. Enter : The Enter Key is used to move the cursor to the next line.

you have typed jack and jill and you can see the cursor at the end of the word jill.
1. Press the Enter Key. The cursor will jump to the next line.
2. If you want to leave one more line, you can again press the Enter Key. The Cursor jump down one more line.
4. Caps Lock : The Caps Lock key is used to type capital letters. 
           Press the Caps Lock key. you will see a yellow light on the top right-hand corner of the keyboard. When this light is on, it shows that you are using the Caps Lock key to type capital letters. 
            If you again press the Caps Lock Key, the yellow light will go off. Now Whatever you type will appear in small letters on the screen. 
             Press the Caps Lock key and the type JACK AND JILL. All letters are capital letters.
5. Shift : The Shift key is used to type capital letters.
1. Press the Enter key two times to leave two lines after JACK AND JILL.
2.  Press the Shift key and Without releasing it, Press I.
3.   Now release the Shift key and press the Keys N, D, I,A. You will see the word India on the screen.

             The Shift Key is also used to type the option given at the top of a particular key.

               If you observe the keyboard carefully, you will see that all the number keys and some other keys have two options on them.

1. Type How are you. Now you have to put a question mark at the end of this question. 
2. Look at the keyboard carefully . On the last line of the Keyboard there is a key with a ' ?' on the top and '/' below it. ?/
3. Press the Shift Key, and without releasing it, press the ?/ key.
You will see '?' at the end of the question How are you.

      Look at the keyboard carefully. The Number keys are marked from 1 to 0. When you press a number key, that number will appear on the screen. If you press the Shift key + a number key, the sign given at the top of that number key will appear on                                            the screen.                        

1. Press 5. The number 5 will appear on the screen. 

2. Press Shift +5. The % Sign given at the top of the number  5 key  will appear on the screen.

3. Press Shift + 1. The exclamation mark (!) given at the top of the number 1 key will appear on the screen.

6. Cursor Keys: The four keys with arrows are called cursor keys because they are used to move the cursor in four different directions on the screen.

             The cursor keys are very useful when you want to make some changes in what you have typed. You can use one of these keys to move anywhere on the screen without erasing any Word.

↑ is  the Up Arrow Key. It moves the cursor one line up.

↓ is the Down Arrow Key. It Moves the cursor one line Down.

→  is the Right Arrow Key. It moves the cursor to the right of the        line. 

←  is the Left Arrow Key. It moves the cursor to the left of the             line.

Type a Word or a Sentence and then press each cursor Key, one after the other, to see how the cursor moves up, down, right and left on the Screen. 

7. Backspace ←: The Backspace Key is used to erase What                                         you have typed on the screen.

The Backspace Key erases a letter to the left of the cursor. It erases one letter at a time.

1. You have to type the Word mouse. But, by mistake, you typed mouse. You can see the cursor at the end of the word mouse. 

To correct the spelling, you have to erase the letter W and type the letter e  in its place.

2. press the Backspace Key. The letter W, Which is to the left of the cursor, will be erased.

3. To correct the Spelling, type e. The words now reads mouse. The cursor will be at the end of the word mouse.

8. Delete 🔕:  The delete Key is used to erase a letter to right                                 of the cursor. It erases one letter at a time 

1.  you have to type the word keyboard. But , by mistake, you typed Keyword.

To Correct the spelling, you have to erase the letter  V and type the b in its place.

You can see the cursor at the end of the Word Keyword.

2. Press ← ( Left Arrow) key five times. The cursor will move between the letters Y and V.

3. Press the Delete Key. The letter v, which is to the right of the cursor will be erased. 

4. To Correct the spelling, type b. The word now read Keyboard. The cursor is after the letter b , which you have just typed. 

5. Press → (Right Arrow) Key four times to move the cursor at the end of the word Keyboard

                                                 Creating a Document⇅

                               1. On the Menu bar, click on Format. You will see a drop-down menu.

2.On the Format menu, click on Font to open the Font dialog box.

Scroll-up arrow, Scroll box , Scroll-down arrow.

Font: The characters used in text are called fonts.

Font Style: The manner or style, in which characters are           displayed on the screen is called font style. 

Size: The Size of Characters is called font size. Font size is                     measured in Points.

3. In Font, Click on 🔻 ( Scroll- down arrow) or 🔺 ( Scroll-up arrow) to gc through the list of fonts. OR⇋

Place the mouse pointer over the scroll box, press and hold down the left mouse button and drag the mouse vertically to go through the list of fonts. Release the mouse button When done. 

4. Click on the font, font style and size of your choice.

An example of how the font will look appears in Sample in the Font dialog box.

5. Click on OK. 💑 The font dialog box disappears.

6. Type in a few lines of a poem or a small paragraph from your English textbook. An example is given here. 

💘 Example: Boats sail on the rivers., 

                       And  Ships sail on the sea;

                     But clouds that sail across the sky

                     Are Prettier far than these

Saving a Document💛

1. On the Menu bar, click on File. You will see a drop-down menu.

2. On the File menu, click on Save As to open the save As dialog box.

3. The Save in text box displays  Local Disk  ( C: ), Which means that the document will be Saved in the memory  ( hard disk ) of the computer.

4. The File name text box displays 🔅 👉💭 text, which means that all files ( documents ) in Notepad are saved as text files. Type in a name.

For example : Clouds.💃

5. Click on the Save button. The Save As dialog box disappears.

The document has been saved as ' clouds ' in the computer.

Look at the Title bar. The title has changed from Untitled - Notepad to Clouds - Notepad. 

6. Close Notepad.

                                                   Open a Document ⤱

1. Start Notepad.

2.On the Menu bar, Click on File. YOU will see a drop-down menu.⬄

3.On the drop-down menu, click on Open. You will see the Open dialog box, which is similar to the Save As dialog box, which You have used earlier.⬌

4. In the list, You can see Clouds- the text file that You have saved.⬇

5. Click on the file name clouds to Open that file.⧪

                                                              Paint 💅

            Paint is a very interesting Program in Windows. In Paint, You can draw pictures and colors them using various tools given in it.💧

Drawing and coloring in Paint is done by dragging the mouse.

The action of pressing and holding down the mouse button, moving the mouse and then releasing the mouse button is called dragging. 💬

                   Starting Paint ⧫

1. Place the mouse pointer on the Start button and click the left mouse button. You will see the Start menu.

2.On the Start menu, place the mouse pointer on Programs. You will see a sub menu.

Start menu , Programs Sub menu , Accessories Sub menu. 〓

3. On this sub menu, place the mouse pointer on Accessories. You will see another sub menu. 💫

4. On this sub menu, click on Paint. You will see the Paint window on the screen.⃝

The Paint Window 💭 

Tool box, Color box, Drawing area, Menu bar, Title bar.    ⇁⇁⇁⇁

1. Title bar : The Title bar displays Untitled - Paint, the name of the program. On the right-hand side corner , You can see the Minimize, Restore Down, and Close buttons.

2. Menu bar: The Menu bar displays the main menus : File, Edit, View, Image, Colors and Help. ➦ ➦ ➦ 

 If You Click on any one of the main menus on this bar, you will see a drop-down menu, which has a list of tools or Commands that help you to work in Paint.    ☁️

3. Drawing area: It is that area of the Paint window where you draw pictures and Colors them.

4. Colors Box : It has 28 Colors in it. 🏈🏈🏈🏈🏈🏈🏈🏈

5. Tool box: The Tool box is a set of 16 tools that help you to draw an edit pictures in Paint. Let us study the names and functions of the tools that we are going to learn.  ↡↡↡↡↡

Eraser , Line , Rectangle, Ellipse, Fill With Colors, Brush, Polygon, Rounded Rectangle,

Using Paint  ⢿ ⢾⢕

1. Line | : This tool is used to draw a straight line.

(A) To draw straight, black lines :

(1) On the Tool box, click on | (Line). At the bottom of the Tool box, You will see five lines of different thicknesses. The first line is highlighted, which means it is already selected.🐟
➖    Selected thickness 
—
——
————

☐ (2) Move the mouse pointer in the drawing area. The arrow changes to look like a black cross.
(3) Press and hold down the left mouse button and drag the mouse in any direction. Release the mouse button, When done. You will see a line on the screen.
(4) In this way, Draw lines of different thicknesses.

(B) To draw colored lines :       🌊 
(1) On the Tool box, click on \ (Line). At the bottom of the Tool box, click on a line to select the thickness.

➖    
—
——    Selected thickness 
————
(2) On the Color box, click on a color of your choice.
(3) Move the mouse pointer in the drawing area. The arrow changes to look like a black cross.🎈
(4) Press and hold down the left mouse button and drag the mouse in any direction. Release the mouse button when done. You will see a colored line on the screen.
(5) In this way, You can draw colorful lines of different thicknesses.
2. Eraser 🖝 : This tool is used to erase a part of a picture or the whole picture.
(1) Using \ (Line), draw a black or colored line of any thickness.
(2) On the Tool box, click on  🖝 ( Eraser). At the bottom of the Tool box, You will see four eraser sizes. Click on an eraser size.

🖝 Selected eraser Size
(3) Move the Mouse Pointer in the drawing area. The  arrow changes to look like a square.
(4) Place the mouse pointer on the line you have drawn. Now press and hold down the left mouse button and drag over the line. Release the mouse button when you have finished erasing a part of the line or the whole line.
(5) In this way, draw lines of different thicknesses and then erase them using different eraser sizes.

3. Rectangle⅋: This tool is used to draw a square or a rectangle. 
(1)On the Tool box, Click on ⅋(Rectangle). At the bottom of the Tool box, you will see three options. The first one is already selected.
🖵Selected Option  
(2)On the Color box, click on a Color of your choice.
(3)Move the mouse pointer in the drawing area. The arrow changes to look like a black cross. 
(4)Press and hold down the left mouse button and drag in and direction to draw a square or a rectangle. Release the mouse button when done.

⬜

(5)On the Tool box, click on 🗆 (Rectangle). At the bottom of the Tool box, click on the second option.

                         ◻️  Selected Option

(6)On the Color box, click on a color of your choice.

(7)Move the mouse pointer in the drawing area. The arrow changes to look like a black cross.

(8)Press and hold down the left mouse button and drag in any direction to draw a square or a rectangle. Release the mouse button when done.

⬛◼️◾

You must have noted that there is hardly any difference between the first or the second option under the Tool box.
(9)On the Tool box, click on (Rectangle). At the bottom of the Tool box, click on the third option.

                                   ⬛◼️◾ Selected Option

(10)On the Color box, click on a color of your choice.

(11)Move the mouse Pointer in the drawing area. The arrow Changes to look like a black cross.

(12)Press and hold down the left mouse button and drag in any direction to draw a square or a rectangle.

⬛

When you want to draw a colored square or rectangle like the one given here, select the third option given below the Tool box.

4. Ellipse ၀ : This tool is used to draw a circle or an oval.

(1)On the Tool box, click on ၀ (Ellipse). At the bottom of the Tool box, you will see three options. Click on either the first or the second option.

⏬ Selected (First) Option

⏬

⏬

⏬ 

⏬Selected (Second) Option

⏬

(2)On the Color box, click on a color of your choice.

(3)Move the mouse pointer in the drawing area. The arrow changes to look like a black cross.

(4)Press and hold down the left mouse button and drag in any direction to draw a circle or an oval of any size.

 Circle using the First option ➡️ O

Oval using the Second option➡️ O

(5)On the Tool box, click on ၀(Ellipse). At the bottom of the Tool box, click on the third option.

⏬ 

⏬

⏬Selected (third) Option
(6)On the Color box, click on a color of your choice. 
(7)Move the mouse pointer in the drawing area. The arrow changes to look like a black cross.
(8)Press and hold down the left mouse button and drag in any direction to draw a circle or an oval.

To draw a colored circle or an oval like the one given here, Select the third option given below the Tool box.
(5)Brush👏:This tool is used to draw or color a picture.
(A) To draw with Brush :
(1) On the Tool box, click on ✒️ (Brush). At the bottom of the Tool box, you will see 12 brush shapes. Click on a brush shape of your choice.
/♡➖📁◀️◼️ヽஃ💦⏬🍷 ⬅️Selected brush shape
(2) On the Color box, click on a color of your choice.
(3) Move the mouse pointer in the drawing area. The arrow changes to look like a black cross.
(4) Press and hold down the left mouse button and drag to draw a picture of your choice. For example, draw a flower.

🌴♣️🍀🌳🌱🌿 ♠️

Remember, if you make a mistake or if you want to make some changes in your drawing, you can use💊 (Eraser) to erase that part.

(B) To draw and color with Brush :
(1) On the Tool box, click on 👏 (Brush). At the bottom of the Tool box, click on a brush shape of your choice.

/♡➖📁◀️◼️ヽஃ💦⏬🍷 ⬅️Selected brush shape
(2) On the Color box, click on the black color.
(3) Move the mouse pointer in the drawing area. The arrow changes to look like a black cross.
(4) Press and hold down the left mouse button and drag to draw a tree. 🌴♣️🍀🌳🌱🌿 ♠️
(5) At the bottom of the Tool box, click on a brush shape of your choice. However, if you want, you can use the same brush shape as you had selected to draw the tree.
(6)On the Color box, click on the green color.🌴♣️🍀🌳🌱🌿
(7) Move the mouse pointer in the drawing area and color the tree green by dragging the mouse slowly inside the tree.
🌴♣️🍀🌳🌱🌿 ♠️ 
In this way, color the entire tree green by slowly dragging the mouse.
However, if you want to use any other shade of green, use 💊(Eraser) to erase the color. Select the shade of your choice from the Color box and color the picture.
🌴♣️🍀🌳🌱🌿 ♠️ 
(8) On the Color box, click on the brown color.
(9) Move the mouse pointer in the drawing area and color the trunk of the tree.
🌴♣️🍀🌳🌱🌿 ♠️ 

6. Fill With Color :

This tool is used to fill a closed area with color.
(1) On the Tool box, click on 🚢 (Ellipse). At the bottom of the Tool box, click on either the first or the second option.
📁📁📁 ←First option    📁📁📁 ←Second option
(2) On the Color box, click on the black color.
(3) Move the mouse pointer in the drawing area. The arrow changes to look like a black cross.
(4) Press and hold down the left mouse button and drag in any direction to draw a circle.  〇 
(5) On the Tool box, click on  👏 (Brush). At the bottom of the Tool box, click on a brush shape of your choice.
(6) Move the mouse pointer in the drawing area. The arrow changes to look like a black cross.
(7) Draw lines inside the circle to complete the picture of a ball.
(8) On the Tool box, click on 📁 (Fill With Color).
(9) On the Color box, click on a color of your choice.
(10) Move the mouse pointer in the drawing area. The arrow changes to look like the fill with Color icon.
(11) Place the mouse pointer to any one part of the ball and click the left mouse button. That part will be filled with the selected color.🎈🎈🎈🎈
In this way, color all the parts of the ball.

7. Polygon 👉 :

(1) On the Tool box, click on 👉 (Polygon). At the bottom of the Tool box, click on either the first or the second fill style.

➖➖➖ ⟵First Fill Style  
➖➖➖ ⟵ Second Fill Style
(2) On the Color box, click on a color of your choice.
(3) Move the mouse pointer in the drawing area. The arrow changes to look like a black cross.
(4) Press and hold down the left mouse button and drag the mouse to draw a straight line AB.
(5) Place the mouse pointer at C and click to make the line appear there. Similarly click at D, E, and then double-click on A to complete the picture.
(6) Using 👏 (Brush) or ⟰ (Airbrush) or (Fill With Color), color the different parts of the star.

Computers 

      You have learnt the mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. You can do sums which involve any one or more of these operations. You may also solve complicated sums which involve all of these operations. You can calculate the answers quickly if you use tables. But sometimes, it is necessary to carry out very complicated calculations that involve very large numbers. At such times, mistakes are bound to occur in the calculations. Then you waste a lot of time checking and rechecking your answers. How can we avoid these errors and wastage of time? 

     A computer is a machine that is an answer to all these problems. Computers can solve problems and carry out the most difficult calculations with amazing speed and accuracy.
   Computers can do several other things besides carrying out calculations. In fact, there are few things that a modern computer is not able to do.

     Computers have memory. That is, they can store a lot of data or information. They can keep words, pictures and sounds in their memory and give you the information within a fraction of a second when you need it.

       Computers can process the data or the information according to the instructions given to them. A modern computer can follow thousands of instructions within a fraction of a second. Only, the instructions have to be given in a language that the computer understands. A set of code instructions written for a computer is known as a program. Writing a computer program is a specialized task.

      A Computer on its own does not make judgement about the instructions given to it. It follows the instructions blindly. That is why, the instructions have to be written very very carefully. The instructions must cover every step involved in an operation. If you miss a step, the computer will not correct it.

       One has to think carefully to imagine every step involved in any task. Let us see if we can imagine all the steps involved in a simple task. Suppose mother has asked you to buy vegetables. You have to divide this task into smaller ones - 

1. Going to the greengrocer's shop,
2. Picking up the vegetables you want and paying for them,
3. Coming back home.

      Then you have to subdivide these tasks into still smaller ones. For example -

• Going to the greengrocer's shop.
• Take a bag for the vegetables.
• Take money for the vegetables.
• Start from your house.
• Walk down the street.
• Turn right /left.
• Walk down the street.
• Cross the street.
• Enter greengrocer's shop.

      Each of these smaller tasks can again be divided further into even smaller tasks. Try to do that choosing any one of the above steps.

     Thus, we see that computers are smarter than men, but it is men who do the difficult job of making them smart enough. 
       So the next time you play a game on a computer, or watch a video or obtain some information, think of the men who put in so many efforts to make it all possible.

Conclusion :  We hope that our humble effort to inspire, encourage and ignite the minds of our very young students will be appreciated by teachers and parents. That is the ultimate aim of this series.

[Be a Netizen]

 Be a Netizen    

               Have You seen or used a computer ? Computers have brought about many changes in the way we do things One of the most amazing features of the computer world is the Internet or the Net.

             A network is a system of tubes, wires, roads, etc. which are all connected to each other. The internet or the net ia a network of computers. It links thousands of computers or smaller networks of computers with one another. It is so large that millions of people around the world can use it at the same time.

          The internet makes it possible for computer users to get or send information very quickly.  All you have to do is to log on, that is, give instructions to your computer to start using the internet. Then you may see on the net, all the information you need. The information may be in the form of text, pictures, moving images, or even sounds, speeches or music. You can also send your own information on the net.

         Once you have gathered or given the information on the internet, you can log off, that is, give instructions to your computer to get disconnected from the net.

         The internet is like an ocean of information. You may wonder how one can find tiny bits of information in this ocean, but it is not at all difficult.

         The information on the net is stored and made available in a systematic way on websites. Websites are places on the net. Each Website has its own address. Using this address, you can visit a website, that is, you can read or view the information stored on it. The thousands of websites on the net together form the World Wide Web (WWW).

         There are special computer programs Known as search engines which help you to find the different websites on the World Wide Web. If you type the word or subject on which you want information, the search engine shows on your screen, a list of websites that have the information. You can then go to that website. Looking at the various websites is known as browsing or surfing the net.

         A website is like a book or magazine, but you cannot make changes in a book once it is printed. It is possible to change the text or pictures on a website as many times as you like. So, makers of the website can 'update' a website.

        While your computer is connected to the internet, you are 'Online'. You can do many things online like reading, watching a movie, listening to songs or even chatting and playing computer games with other people who are 'online' in any part of the world at that time. When you are not connected to the net, you are 'offline'

        Sometimes, you gather a lot of information on the net which you want to read or use later. What do you do, then ? You can make a 'copy' of the text or pictures or movies on your computer and store it there. In other words, you download the information on your computer and then use it any time you like.

        To send information on the net, you first need to get it ready on your computer in the way you want it on the net. You need a website to display the information on the net.

         You can also get your own personal address on the net. You can receive messages on this address and also send them. This system of sending and receiving messages or mail on computers is known as e-mail or electronic mail.

         An e-mail address is short and unique. No two e-mail  address are the same. With the address, you get an account on the net. Your account is like your own letter box on the net. The only difference is that you can use this letter box not only for receiving mail but also for sending it.

        You can lock this 'letter box' by using a password. A password is a secret word or group of letters and / or numbers. The computer will allow a person to use or see the account only When the person types the correct password!

       People who live in a city are citizens. People who use the net are netizens. Would you like to be a netizen ?

         💢💢💢💢💢💢💢💢💢💢💢

       'Robotics'

        A robot is a complex man-made machine that can perform many of the tasks that human beings do, and some tasks that are too difficult or dangerous for human beings. Robots are built in such a way that they can perform these tasks automatically when they are started, or, on command. Robots may be operated by remote control.

       A robot usually has three things. It has a built-in computer program. This program is like the robot's 'brain'. Only, a robot cannot think on its own like human beings do. It cannot decide whether to do something, whether something is 'good' or 'bad', on its own. It can learn and do only what the computer program makes it possible for the robot to learn and do. A robot does not have moods and feelings like human beings do. Like other machines, a robot can do boring tasks again and again and again without getting bored. It can work in dangerous places where human beings cannot go or live.

       A robot has mechanical parts - or a 'body'. These parts enable the robot to move or perform certain actions in certain ways. These parts may have pipes, tubes, cylinders, wheels and gears joined in a particular way. There may be devices that scoop up or hold things, blow, suck, sweep etc. These parts are designed to suit the purpose for which the robot is built.

       A robot also has 'sensors' or devices that inform it about its surroundings. These sensors are like the robot's eyes, ears, nose, skin, etc. Again, these devices are designed and fitted to the robot by experts who design and build the robot.

       Some robots are designed to look like human beings, or other living things, or they may be given other suitable shapes. It requires a lot of hard work, skill and imagination to design and build robots. Would You like to design or build a real robot when You grow up ? For that, You will have to study the relevant subjects well and also develop a good imagination.

                                     💢💢💢💢💢💢💢💢💢💢💢

      Computer has established itself as the biggest innovation of mankind. It is one of the most basic necessities in our life. It is a Tool, which has become an integral part of school curriculum. Kips, with its vast experience in School Computer Education has designed Hyperlink, the latest series. Where Tool Based learning is incorporated. Hyperlink is the most comprehensive School Computer Series for Classes 1 - X. 

      

                                                             History of Computers      

                                                                Evolution of Computers

History of Computers:

            The need to keep track of numbers led to the evolution of different counting tools. Right from the evolution of Abacus - the first counting device, many more devices were invented, leading to the development of computers. Let us glance through the major milestones in the journey leading to the evolution of the present day computers. 

3000- BC ABACUS: 

    .  Abacus was the first mechanical device for calculations developed in China.

• It is made up of wooden frame with rods each having beads. The frame is divided into two parts. Upper part is Known as Heaven having 2 beads in it and lower part is called Earth which consists of 5 beads in it. 
• It is used for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division . 

1642- PASCAL ADDING MACHINE:

• Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician invented the first mechanical calculator at the age of 19 in the year 1642 which was capable of performing addition and subtraction.
• It used gears, wheels and dials. Numbers were displayed by rotating the Wheels. The gear principle was further employed in many mechanical calculations. Example-Taximeter.

1671- LEIBNIZ CALCULATOR:

• Leibniz, the famous German mathematician improved on pascal's machine in 1671.
• Leibniz's calculator could do addition, subtraction and even multiplication, division and find square roots. it was a mechanical device.

1822 - CHARLES BABBAGE:

• Charles Babbage, a British mathematician is considered to be the father of computers. He invented a Working model of mechanical computer called Difference engine in 1822, and Analytical engine in 1833.
• The Analytical engine had five units - input, Output, Store, Mill and Control. Based on these units the present computers work in a similar manner. Store was used for storing the data and Mill was the calculating unit. Control unit was used for supervising all the units.

1842 - AUGUSTA ADA: 

The First Programmer Who suggested Binary Data Storage (0 and 1) instead of decimal number system.

1850 - GEORGE BOOLE:

He solved mathematical problems by reducing them to a series of positive or negative answered questions and linked it with binary system of 1s for positive answers and Os for negative answers. This system known as Boolean Logic, became the fundamental principle for the design of computer circuits.

1880 - DR. HERMAN HOLLERITH: 

• Herman Hollerith, an American statistician, invented a machine called Tabulating Machine. It was capable of reading data, processing it and giving the desired output.
• The input was given through punched cards. it used punched cards to record and store data or information.

1940 - JOHN VON NEUMANN

• He started the practice of storing data and instruction in binary code in memory. 
• He also initiated the use of memory to store data as well as program.

1944 - HOWARD AIKEN:

Howard Aiken was the primary engineer in IBM, who developed the first automatic sequence controlled calculator, the Mark I in 1944.

1946 - ENIAC :

Electronic Numeric Integrator And Calculator, the first general purpose electronic digital computer was invented by John Mauchly and J. Prosper Eckert. It consisted of 18,000 vacuum tubes and was 1000 times faster than the Mark I.

We Welcome your suggestions for the improvement of these post. 

The Use of Mobile Phones  

           The mobile Phone is a Wonderful modern invention. It has many uses. Its  most important use is as a phone that you can use Wherever you go. It also has a voice mail facility Which helps you record phone calls. Besides it has the facility of a camera  Whereby you can click pictures. It also has the facility of FM radio and downloading music. you can send short SMS messages by the mobile Phone. A recent facility  is that mobile phones can be connected to a computer network and so you can also avail of the Internet facility. Social media now-a-days let us be in touch with our friends and relatives.             

          

iPhone : Smartphone , Small Screen 3.5 inches , allows to make and receive calls , can view videos but on small screen , difficult to operate, quite different from an ipad  . 

ipad :  Tablet PC , 9.7 inch screen , cannot make calls , good to view videos. allows better computer work , Closer to netbooks and laptops.

                              E-Mail and its Usefulness

            In the age of Science and technology and in the 21st century. E-mail is considered to be the fastest means of communication. So it is familiar around the globe for both personal and corporate communication. We can send messages at the cost of a phone call. It is cheaper than the postal route and more convenient. It is true that you need a computer to send it but nowadays you can send it through your mobile also.

            It is more personal and direct medium for communication. Messages are delivered within seconds around the World. It allows to save and keep a record of our communication. It i easy to send Within no time. Through e-mail you can send formatted documents, Photos, video files and sound files. You can access your mail from anywhere with internet connection. So now it is the most trusted and popular means of connectivity. You can send a message to a group of people without disclosing their identities to one another. The lack of paper makes e-mail more environment- Friendly than fax or postal mail While providing the same record keeping benefits. It is more versatile than anything else so it is very useful nowadays.

                                      The Television

              TV has become a popular, useful and very powerful means of spreading education. We can sit at home at ease, switch on the TV set and watch a wide variety of interest Programmers . TV brings us the news of events taking place in far-of places. We get instant news happenings from all corners of the world. TV is entertaining as well as educative.

           We can watch of TV programmers like serials, movies, concerts, dances and sports. The competitions on TV help students to be a part of different cultural and educational activities. The quiz Programmers telecast on TV help the students increase their general knowledge. Important cultural Programmers, Sports events and functions are telecast live on TV. Special programmers for children, women, elderly persons and the people in rural areas are also telecast. Interesting advertisements on TV make us aware of the various products available in the market.

             Cartoons, the Discovery channel, Animal planet and National Geographic are very popular among children. However, We Should not sit glued to our seats for hours together watching TV. Watching too much TV is harmful to the eyes, to health and affects our studies, as Well.

         Mobile - A multipurpose instrument     

 Besides being a telephone that you can operate wherever you are, The mobile phone can tell the time, has an alarm clock, an FM radio and even has the facility of a calculator. Hence there is no need to wear a wristwatch, carry a transistor or own a calculator. you can send or receive SMS messages whenever you want and wherever you are.

            The mobile phone has a number of features that make it an attractive instrument to own. More advanced varieties of mobiles have the facility of MP3 music. Many mobiles provide the facility of a camera. you can take pictures and store them in your mobile phone. The quality of the pictures in more advanced versions of the mobile is very good; it is as good as some superior quality cameras in the market. 

           Of late the mobile even offers the facility of being connected to the computer network. Thus you can have the facility of Internet on your mobile phone. you can now also send messages via the Internet through the mobile phone.

          The mobile phone has ensured that the individual does not live a lonely life. You are connected to your friends and family all the time. This becomes especially necessary during the time of natural calamities such as storms or floods or heavy rains.   

              Mobile - A multipurpose instrument       

              

       The thing which we can operate anywhere anytime to connect the world is a mobile. It has also features like FM, Calculator, Alarm Clock, Camera, Music. We can send SMS and MMS through it and store a lot of things in it. We can also connect some mobiles to the computer network. By using mobile with internet, we can do any work which we do on computer. If you are using a mobile you cannot live a lonely life. It is always there to entertain you. It will also connect you with your friends and family anywhere anytime even in natural calamities such as storms, floods and heavy rains, etc. So now it has got a lot of importance in an individual's life.     

Communications

 Sometimes our relatives and friends stay in far away places. So we need to send them messages and invitation cards. The means that we use to send these messages are called the means of communication.

Ancient Means of Communication :

        In ancient times people sent messages through a messenger. The messenger went either on foot or travelling on horseback or even a camel was used to convey the message. In some places, messages were sent by tying them to the feet of trained pigeons.

Present Means of Communication :  

1. Postal Services
2. Telegram
3. Telephone
4. Mobile phone
5. Telefax
6. Newspaper
7. Radio
8. Television / Doordarshan 

Television / Doordarshan

        Important messages and news are telecast on television. Besides, through television we can directly see the person reading the news or giving important information. Incidents happening in far away places can be seen by watching television at home.

       Now, recent methods of sending messages are through computer. The messages can be sent throughout the world in seconds by e-mail.

       We can watch news and views from all over the world on TV.

Radio 

 News and important messages are broadcast through a radio. The news broadcast reaches immediately to every nook and corner of the world. But in this means of communication we can only hear the news / incidents.  

   The radio broadcasts the latest local, national and international news.

Newspaper 

  Important incidents, happenings in the world, country or villages can be read through the newspaper. We can come to know the latest happening in and around us, the weather forecast, the sports news and other such useful information through the newspaper.

      The newspapers print the latest news. We can read about all the important events around us in the newspapers. They also carry advertisements. 

  Telefax

 Apart from the telephone and the mobile phone, we can now send matter, pictures, photos, etc. in seconds to a person at a far away place through telefax.

      We can individually use postal services, telephone, mobile phone, as a means of communication. But if we have to communicate to the people at large in society, then the following means of communication can be used :

Definitions:

Send (a message) by fax.

The transmission of documents by fax.

Telephone : Mobile phone 

Telegram 

We are able to send important messages and good wishes immediately through telegram. The message sent should be very short. It can be received in a very short period of time.

         The reply to a message in postal service cannot be had immediately. The person to whom the letter is sent has to take another letter to reply it. Then the postman will deliver the letter. So a lot of time is wasted for all these transactions. Thus the telephone has become an easy means of communication.

Postal Services

PThe government has given the facility of sending mail through the post. This is called the Postal Service. The message is written on the postcard or on an inland letter. Sometimes it is written on a separate paper, put in an envelope and sent.

         To whomsoever the letter is to be sent, his / her name and address has to be written on the envelope.

        The written letters and the envelopes are posted into the letter box. Then the postman collects all the letters and takes them to the post office. Later he delivers these letters according to the address given on them.