Charles Darwin - ( Birth 1809 - Death 1882 ) - 2021

 Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin  ---- Birth 1809 - Death 1882

         In the year 1859, Charles Darwin proposed his theory of evolution in his blog 'On the Origin of Species' . Before Darwin, the scientist Carl Linnaeus had introduced his method of classifying animals. He had expressed the opinion that going by the structure of the body, the human species and some ape species appeared to be related. In his first book,  Darwin had not expressed any definite opinion about this relationship. In 1871, he published his second book, 'The Descent of Man'. he drew attention to the fact that even though humans do not have tails, the last bone of their spine is a vestige of a tail. He also noted that some other non-functional or unnecessary structures in the human body, such as the  wisdom teeth, are indicators of the process of evolution. He accepted the inference that humans had evolved from tailless apes like the gorilla and the chimpanzee that lived in the jungles of Africa. However, no evidence had been found till then in support of his theory. The necessary evidence became available only in the twentieth century.

       Charles Robert Darwin FRS FRGS FLS FZS (/ Darwin / ; DAHR - win; 12 February 1809 - 19 April 1882 ) was an English naturalist, geologist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all species of life have descended from common ancestors is now widely accepted and considered a fundamental concept in science. In a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding. Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history, and he was honored by burial in Westminster Abbey. Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. By the 1870s, the scientific community and a majority of the educated public had accepted evolution as a fact. However, many favored competing explanations that gave only a minor role to natural selection, and it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s the a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life. His five - year voyage on HMS Beagle established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell's conception of gradual geological change, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous  as a popular author.

           Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin began detailed investigations and in 1838 conceived his theory of natural selection. Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive research, and his geological work had priority. He was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay that described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication of both their theories. His research on plants was published in a series of books, and in his final book, The Formation of  Vegetable Moulid, through the Actions of Worms (1881), he examined earthworms and their effect on soil.

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 Charles Darwin Some Book Name : 

Author : Charles Darwin     Language :  English

On the Origin of Species  -----  1859

The Voyage of the Beagle   ----- 1839

El Origen de las species     -----  1859

On Natural Selection         -----  1975

Insectivorous Plants           ----- 1875

Fertilizations of Orchids    ----- 1862

        On the Origin of Species Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. The book presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had collected on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation. The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. 

       Darwin was already highly regarded as a scientist, so his finding were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign by T. H. Huxley and his fellow members of the X Club to secularize science by promoting scientific naturalism. Within two decades, there was widespread scientific agreement  that evolution, with a  branching pattern of common descent, had occurred, but scientists were slow to give natural selection the significance that Darwin thought appropriate. During "the eclipse of Darwinism" from the 1880s to the 1930s, various other mechanisms of evolution were given more credit. With the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s, Darwin's concept of evolutionary adaptation through natural selection became central to modern evolutionary theory, and it has now become the unifying concept of the life sciences.

       The Voyage of the Beagle: is the title most commonly given to the book written by Charles Darwin and published in 1839 as his Journal and Remarks, bringing him considerable fame and respect. This was the third volume of the Narrative of the Voyages of H.M. Ships Adventure and Beagle, the other volumes of which were written or edited by the commanders of the ships. Journal and Remarks covers Darwin's part in the second survey expeditions of the ship HMS Beagle. Due to the popularity of Darwin's account the publisher reissued it later in 1839 as Darwin's Journal of Researches, and the revised second edition published in 1845 used this title. A republication of the book in 1905 introduced the title. The Voyage of the "Beagle", by which it is now best known.

          Naturalist Charles Darwin developed the idea of natural selection after a five-year voyage to study plants, animals, and fossils in South America and on islands in the Pacific. In 1859, he brought the idea of natural selection to the attention of the world in his best-selling book, on the Origin Of Species.

     On Natural Selection : Natural selection is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change. Individuals in a population are naturally variable, meaning that they are all different in some ways. This variation mean that some individuals have traits better suited to the environment than others. Individuals with adaptive traits - traits that give them some advantage - are more likely to survive and reproduce. These individuals then pass the adaptive traits on to their offspring. Over time, these advantageous traits become more common in the population. Through this process of natural selection, favorable traits are transmitted through generations.

     The Power Of Movement in Plants (1880) : is a book by Charles Darwin on phototropism and other types of movement on plants. This book continues his work in producing evidence for his theory of natural selection. As it was one of his last books, followed only by the publication of The Formation Of Vegetable Moulid through the ACTION of Worms, he was assisted by his son Francis in conducting the necessary experiments and preparing the manuscript. The power of movement in plants was published 6 November 1880, and 1500 copies were quickly sold by publisher John Murray.

       The Formation Of Vegetable Moulid Through the action of worms, with observations on their Habits (sometimes shortened to Worms) is an 1881 book by Charles Darwin on earthworms. It was his last scientific book, and was published shortly before his death (see Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms). Exploring earthworm behaviors and ecology . changes over long periods of time can lead to large and sometimes surprising consequences. It was the first significant work on soil bioturbation, although that term was not used by Darwin (it first appeared in the soil and geomorphic literature one hundred years later).

          The Variation Of Animals and Plants under Domestication is a book by Charles Darwin that was first published in January 1868. 

        Geological Observations Of Volcanic Islands (1844 ): Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands, visited during the Voyage of M. M. S. Beagle is a book written by the English naturalist Charles Darwin. The book was published in 1844, and is based on his travels during the second voyage of HMS Beagle, commanded by captain Robert Fitzroy. It is the second book in a series of geology books written by Darwin that also included the structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs (published in 1842) and Geological Observations on South America (published in 1846). 

      The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals is Charles Darwin's third major work of evolutionary theory, following On the origin of Species (1859) and the Descent of Man ( 1871 ). Initially intended as a chapter in the Descent of man, the expression grew in length and was published separately in 1872. This book concerns the biological aspects of emotional life, and Darwin explores the animal origins of such human characteristics as the lifting of the eyebrows in moments of surprises and the raising of the upper lip in an aggressive sneer. A German translation of the Expression appeared in 1872, Dutch and French versions followed in 1873 and 1874. A second edition of the book, with only minor alterations, was published in 1890. Since its first publication, The expression has never been out of print, but it has also been described as Darwin's "forgotten masterpiece". Before Darwin, human emotional life had posed problems to the western philosophical categories of mind and body. 

         Darwin's interest can be traced to his time as an Edinburgh medical student and the 1824 edition of Sir Charles Bell's Anatomy and Philosophy of expression which argued for a spiritual dimension to the subject. In contrast, Darwin's biologicals approach links emotions to their origins in animal behavior, and allows cultural factors only an auxiliary role in the shaping of expression. This biological emphasis leads to a concentration on six emotion states: happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust. It also leads to an appreciation of the universal nature of expression, with its implication of a single origin for the entire human species; and Darwin points to the importance of emotional communication with children in their psychological development. Darwin sought out the opinions of some leading British psychiatrists, notably James Crichton -  Browne, in the preparation of the book which forms his main contribution to psychology.

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